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Bioinformatics, Proteomics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Increase number of full genome sequence available
  - - - Mobile devices, applications and wearable technologies
        
        Bioimaging and medical imaging
        
        Patients Records
        Electronic Health Records
        
        Making sense of data in the Data Avalanche
        
        Making sense of data with data analytics
        
        Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
- - - - Drug discovery approach and advancement
        One size dose not fit all
  - - - Cost versus efficacy
      - Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence
      - Data security
      - Integration of the large and diverse data sets
      - Making sense of the large data sets
- - - - DNA is made up of 4 diff nucleotides
        
        Each nucleotide is made up of a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group
        
        Nitrogenous base distinguishes the nucleotides
        
        Adenine (A)
        
        Guanine (G)
        
        Cytosine (C)
        
        Thymine (T)
        
        Sequence of these bases provides
        unique DNA info that determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism.
        
        Connected via the Phosphodiester bond along the sugar-phosphate backbone
      - Gene is the unit of inheritance
        
        Every individual has 2 copies from each parent
        
        Different forms of the same gene are knowns as Alleles
        
        Blood type
        
        Type A contributed by one parent and Type B contributed by another
      - Expression of DNA
        
        Transcription
        
        transfer of genetic info from DNA -> mRNA
        
        Occurs in Nucleus
        
        Translation
        
        info in mRNA molecule is decoded or translated to synthesize proteins to carry out specialized function
        
        Occurs in Cytoplasm
    - - Adenine - Thymine
        Guanine - Cytosine
        
        A-T
        G-C
      - Ratio = 1:1
    - - About 1% of DNA is made up of protein-coding gene
    - - Regulatory elements:
        contains sequences that acts as regulatory elements to determine when and where genes are turned ON/OFF
        
        Promoters:
        provide binding sites for the protein machinery that carries out transcription.
        Typically found just ahead of the gene on the DNA strand.
        
        Enhancers:
        provide binding sites for proteins that help activate transcription.
        Found on the DNA strand before or after the gene they control, sometimes far away.
        
        Silencers:
        provide binding sites for proteins that repress transcription. Found before or after the gene they control or distance away on the DNA strand.
        
        Insulators:
        provide binding sites for proteins that control transcription in a number of ways.
        Some prevent enhancers from aiding in transcription (enhancer-blocker insulators).
        Others prevent structural changes in the DNA that repress gene activity (barrier insulators). Some insulators can function as both an enhancer blocker and a barrier.
      - Regions that provides instructions for the formation of specialized RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules
        
        Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), which help assemble amino acids into a chain that forms a protein.
        
        A transfer RNA is an adaptor molecule that serves as the physical link between messenger RNA (mRNA) and the amino acid sequence of proteins during translation.
        
        Ribosomal RNA is the primary component of ribosome, which is crucial for translation
        
        MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are short lengths of RNA that block the process of protein production.
        
        Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are longer lengths of RNA that have diverse roles in regulating gene activity.
        
        LncRNA can guide transcription factors to specific genomic locations for the regulation of gene expression.
        
        LncRNA works as a scaffold to facilitate the processes that involve proteins within chromosomes.
        
        LncRNA can bind to transcription factors or other proteins as a decoy and sequester them away from chromosome.
      - Parts of the structural elements of Chromosomes are non-coding
        
        Ends of the Chromosomes - Telomeres
        
        Function: Protect ends of Chromosome from degrading during the copying of genetic material (DNA Replication)
        
        Satellite DNA
        
        tandemly repeated DNA
        
        Represents a class of repetitive elements consisting of clusters of short repeated sequences
        
        main component of functional centromere which plays a role in cell division
        
        forms the main structural constituent of heterochromatin which is condensed DNA region with no or little transcriptional activity
        
        Introns:
        located within protein-coding genes but are removed before a protein is made.