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Dulce Zavaleta Anatomy H Period 5 The Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Dulce Zavaleta Anatomy H Period 5 The Skeletal System
Types of Bones
There are several bones in the body and are split into 4 Classifications.
Long Bones: Long Bones are longer than they are wider. Long Bones are usually limbs for
example the Humerus and the Femur.
Short Bones: Short Bones are cubed shaped and can be found in the
Wrists (Carpal) & Ankle (Tarsal)
Flat Bones: Flat Bones are exactly in the name they're flat, thin & curved. A few
examples can consist of Sternum, Ribs, and some skull bones.
Irregular Bones: Irregular Bones are unusual bone shapes, and an
example can be the Vertebrae and hip bones
Bone Diseases
There are three major types of bone Diseases.
Paget's Diseases: Paget's Diseases is an excessive amount of Bone deposit which can cause fast development, but being poorly developed. The cause is unknown, but treatments include calcitonin and bisphosphonates. Lastly Paget's Diseases can be found in the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a group of diseases where bone resorption exceeds deposit. Women are most likely to contract this disease while men are unlikely to. Treatments range from Calcium, Vitamin D supplement, and Hormone replacement therapy. There are 3 main ways to prevent this which is to have Plenty of calcium, Lower the amount of intake of carbonated beverages and alcohol, & lastly exercise
Osteomalacia and rickets:
Osteomalacia
is when bones are poorly mineralized and Osteoid is produced, but calcium salts are not properaly deposited which results in weak bones.
Rickets:
Rickets is bowed legs and other bone deformities due to bones ends being enlarged and abnormally long with the causing being vitamin D deficiency or lack of dietary calcium.
Anatomy Of the Long Bone
The Long Bone has 3 main divisions. The Proximal Epiphysis, Diaphysis, & Distal Epiphysis.
Proximal Epiphysis: are the ends of the Long Bones. The Long Bone consists of Articular Cartilage, Spongy Bone, Compact bone, Epiphyseal Line, and Endosteum.
Diaphysis: Diaphysis are the tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone. Which consists of compact bone, Medullary Cavity, yellow bone marrow, & Endosteum.
Distal Epiphysis: are the ends of the Long Bones. The Long Bone consists of Articular Cartilage, Spongy Bone, Compact bone, Epiphyseal Line, and Endosteum.
Bone Remodeling
Bone remodeling is both bone deposit and bone resorption which happens in both the periosteum and endosteum. Remodeling units are packets of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that play a major role in the remodeling process. Osteoclasts have a function of Resorption, lastly, Bone Deposit is new bone matrix that is deposited by osteoblasts.
Bone Fracture Repair
Factures are breaks and during childhood they are due to trauma, but for the elderly they are a result of bone thinning and the bone being weak. There are 4 major stages when repairing a bone which include
Hematoma formation, Fibrocartilaginous callus formation, Bony callus formation, & Bone remodeling.
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
is when Capillaries grow into hematoma which then leads to Phagocytic cells which clear debris. After that Fibroblasts make collagen fibers to connect broken the ends and lastly the Fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells start reconstructing of the bone. This mass of repair tissue is called fibrocartilaginous callus.
Hematoma formation
are torn blood vessels hemorrhage, creating mass of clotted blood called a hematoma. The area is usually seen to be swollen, painful, and inflame.
Bony Callus Formation
is when within one-week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus which then the callus will be converted to a hard callus of spongy bone, lastly, the Bony callus formation continues for 2 months until firm union forms.
Bone remodeling
starts during bony callus formation and continues for several months. Bone remodeling causes the extra material on the diaphysis exterior and within the medullary cavity to be removed and then the Compact bone is laid down to recreate the shaft walls. Lastly, after this whole process, the final structure should resemble the original structure & responds to the same mechanical stressor.
Differences between male and female skeleton
The differences between the Male and Female skeleton are that the women have a wider pelvis while the male's pelvis is smaller. In addition, since males are usually taller than the female their bones are usually longer due to their height.
Movements allowed by synovial joints
There are six different types of synovial joints that are based on the shape of articular surface and movements. The 6 types of Synovial Joints are Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, & Ball-and-socket
Plane: Plane Joints are known to have/ produce a gliding movement. A few examples consist of intercarpal joints, intarsal joints, & the joints between vertebral articular surfaces.
Hinge: Hinge Joints are known for their flexion & extensions. A few examples consist of elbow joints & interphalangeal joints.
Pivot: Pivot Joints are known for rotation and consists of Proximal radioulnar joints & atiantoaxial Joint.
Condylar: Condylar Joints are known for Adduction and Abduction & Flexion and extensions. A few examples of Condylar joints are wrist joints & Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) Joints.
Saddle: Saddle joints are known for Adduction and Abduction & Flexion and extensions. An example of a Saddle joint is Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs.
Ball-and-socket: Ball-and-socket are known for Rotation, Flexion and extensions, & lastly adduction and abduction. A few examples consist of shoulder & hip joints.
Joints (and examples of each type)
Joints are sites where two or more bones meet. Joints give the skeleton the movement that it requires and it holds it together. There are two types of joint clarification the first being structural, structural is based on what material connects the joints and whether a cavity is present and has 3 types which are Fibrous, Cartilaginous & Synovial. The second classification is Functional and has 3 types based off of the movement the joint allows. The three types consist of Synarthroses, Amphiarthrosis, & Diarthroses.
Joints (and examples of each type)
Joints are sites where two or more bones meet. Joints give the skeleton the movement that it requires, and it holds it together. There are two types of joint clarification the first being structural, structural is based on what material connects the joints and whether a cavity is present and has 3 types which are Fibrous, Cartilaginous & Synovial. The second classification is Functional and has 3 types based off of the movement the joint allows. The three types consist of Synarthroses, Amphiarthrosis, & Diarthroses.
Functional
Structural
▪ Fibrous: Fibrous joints are bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue most are immovable, but it depends on length of connective tissue fibers. There are Three types of fibrous joints Sutures, Syndesmoses, & Gomphoses.
– Sutures: Sutures are Rigid, interlocking joints of the skull and has the purpose of Allowing growth during youth, and sutures ossify and fuse.
– Syndesmoses: Syndesmoses are bones connected by ligaments & bands of fibrous tissue. A few examples are : inferior tibiofibular joint & interosseous membrane that connects the radius and ulna.
– Gomphoses: Gomphoses are peg-in-sockets. The only example are teeth in alveolar sockets.
▪ Cartilaginous: Cartilaginous are bones that are connected by cartilage and are not moveable. There are two types of cartilaginous joints which are Synchondroses & Symphyses.
– Synchondroses: Synchondroses are a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones & are immovable. A few examples are Temporary epiphyseal plate joints & Cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum.
– Symphyses: Symphyses are fibrocartilage that connects the bone in the symphysis joint. A few examples are Intervertebral joints & Pubic symphysis.
▪ Synovial: Synovial Joints are bones that are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, they are all moveable and are mostly all limb joints. A few examples are Articular cartilage, Joint (synovial) cavity, Articular (joint) capsule, Synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments & Nerves and blood vessels.
▪ Synarthroses: immovable joints
▪ Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
▪ Diarthroses: freely movable joints
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Cell Bone Tissues have Five major cell types which are
Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Bone-lining cells, & Osteoclasts.
Osteogenic cells: Osteogenic cells are also known as osteoprogenitor cells. They are mitotically active stem cells in the periosteum & endosteum. So when stimulated, they change into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells.
Osteoblasts: Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that make an unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid. Lastly Osteoblasts are actively mitotic.
Osteocytes: Osteocytes are mature bone cells in lacunae that do not divide. They help keep bone matrix and are stress & strain sensors that respond to mechanical stimuli like increased force on bone or weightlessness.
Bone-lining cells: Bone-lining cell are flat cells on bone surfaces that help maintain matrix.
Osteoclasts: Osteoclasts are from the same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages. Multinucleate cells function in bone resorption and when active the cells are located in depressions called resorption bay.
Names of all the bones
Skull
Frontal: The Frontal bone supports the head's and protects the brain.
Nasal Bone: Protects the nasal cavity
Zygomatic Bone: Connects the bones while protecting the arteries.
Orbit: Protects the area around the eye
Maxilla: The Maxilla is used for chewing and smiling
Mandible: Holds the teeth in place & forms the lower jawline
Upper Limbs
Humerus: The Humerus contributes movement to the elbow.
Radius: The Radius allows the wrist to have extension & Flexion.
Ulna: The Ulna allows the wrist to have extension & Flexion.
Carpal: The Carpal allows the wrist to move and rotate.
Metacarpal: The Metacarpal forms arches in the hand that mortifies itself for the muscles, tendons, and nerves.
Phalanges: The Phalanges allows us to grip and hold on to items.
Lower Limbs
Femur: The Femur is known to stabilizing the body as we move and to hold our body weight.
Patella: The Patella is known as the kneecap.
Tibia: The Tibia hold our weight.
Fibula: Provides stability to the ankle.
Tarsal: Allows for a good foot function
Metatarsal: Supports and force absorption.
Phalanges: The Phalanges allows us to grip
Talus: Help moves the weight and pressure around the ankle joints.
Calcaneus: Is known for the Plantarflexion and flexion on the knee
Vertebral
Atlas: Atlas is known to connect the skull to the spine.
Axis: Axis is known to give our skull a range of motion.
Cervical Vertebrae: The Cervical Vertebrae is known to allow the spine to move freely.
Thoracic vertebrae: The Thoracic Vertebrae help protect the spinal cord.
lumbar vertebrae: The Lumbar Vertebrae is known to provide stability for our back.
Thoracic Cage
True Ribs: Protect the thoracic organs.
Falus Ribs: Protect the stomach and the spleen.
Floating Ribs: Protect the collar bone.
Sternum: Protect the organs of the Torso.
Manubrium: Forms the superior wall
Xiphoid Process: Is known as a muscular attachment for the other muscles.
Pelvis
Coxal: Connects and supports the Femur
Lilium: Makes sure the spine is supported
Coccyx: A connecting site for ligaments & tendons
Pubis: Genital Area
Ischium: Helps with leg movement, balance, standing up, and lifting items.
Not sure what to name this category
Scapula: The Scapula does the 6 types of movements in the joints.
Clavicle: The Clavicle connects the Axial, & Appendicular to the Scapula