Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Skeletal System Monica Robles - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System
Monica Robles
Types of Bones
1)
Long bones
- longer than wide (limb bones)
2)
Short bones
- Cube shaped (wrists or ankles),Sesamoid bones from within tendons (ex.patella), vary in size and number in different individuals
3)
flat bones
- thin, flat, slightly curved (ex.Sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull)
4)
irregular bones
- complicated shapes (ex. vertebrae and hip bones)
Movements allowed by
Synovial Joints
diarothoses
amphiarthroses
Synarthroses
Bone Remodeling
Bone deposit
- osteoblasts create new bone matrix
Resorption
: osteoclasts create depressions or grooves, produce lysosomal enzymes and protons, and acid transforms calcium salts into soluble forms
Remodeling
: consists of bone deposit and bone resorption and occurs on the periosteum and endosteum.
Difference Between Male and
Female Skeleton
Female Pelvis
: wide outlet, wide pubic arch, inlet diameter is bigger
Male Pelvis:
pubic arch in narrow, coccyx shape differs
Bones
Skull:
Parietal bone, frontal bone, nasal bone, temporal bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone, mandible bone, Palatine bone, Sphenoid bone, vomer, occipital bone
Upper Limb:
Ulna, radius, humerus, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges
Lower Limb
: Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, Talus, calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Pelvic Area:
Sacrum, coxal bone, coccyx
cervical area:
Sternum, clavicle, lumbar, scapula, ribs, cervical, thoracic
Microscopic Anatomy
of bone tissue
Spongy Bone:
sponge appearance, carries red bone marrow near the center- in heads of humerus and femur
Compact Bone:
dense, smooth,outer layer
Cartilage
: has two ways of growth - appositional & interstitial
1)
Fibrocartilage
- wide collagen fibers- between verterbral discs and knee joints
withstands great strength
2)
Hyaline Cartilage
- in costal cartilage, nose cartilage, and articular cartilage joints
provides flexibility, supoprt, and resilience
3)
Elastic Cartilage
- in ear and epiglottis
about the same ability as hyaline
Major Bone Cells
Osteoblasts:
bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix- osteoid
Osteoclasts
: when active cells are in depressions known as resorption bays, which break down bone
Osteocytes:
Mature bone cells in lacunae maintain the bone matrix, act as stressors, and communicate with osteoblasts and osteoclasts to allow for bone remodeling.
Bone-lining cells:
Flat bone surface cells are thought to aid the matrix.
Osteogenic Cells:
Bone both internally and externally mitotically active stem cells
Bone Remodeling
bone remodeling
- consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
remodeling units: packets of adjacent osteoblasts on osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
Resorption = Osteoclasts
dig depressions or grooves as they break down the matrix
secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix
acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
osteoclasts also phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Spongy Bone
- made of honeycomb, small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabecule (tops and bottoms of long bones) - in open spaces between trabeculae filled with red or yellow morrow
Compact Bone
- dense outer layer, appears smooth and solid
Structure of short, irregular, and flat bones
made of thin plates called "
diploe
"-covered by compact bones
compact bone sandwitched between connective tissue membranes
Periosteum
- covers outside of compact bone
Emdosteum
- covers inside of compact bone
bone is scattered throughout spongy bone :no defined marrow cavity
hyaline cartilage covers area of bone that is part of movable joint
all long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses) , and membranes
Diaphyhsis
- tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
-- consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults
Epiphyses
- ends of longbones
--consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally, articular cartilagre covers articular surfaces, "joint"
Epiphyseal Line
- between diaphysis and epiphysis
--remnant of childhood ephyseal plate where bone growth occurs
Membranes
two types
periosteum
and
endosteum
Periosteum
- double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
outer layer
- fibrous layer - dense irregular connective tissue consisting of sharpey's fibers, secrete bone matrix
Inner layer
- osteogenic layer a butting bone containing primitive osteogenic stem cells that give rise to most all bone cells
Anchors points for tendons and ligaments
Endosteum
Covers trabeculae A spongy bone
-Lines canals that passed through compact bone
Bone Fractures
Spiral Fracture
: broken by twisting
Depressed Fracture
: done is broken inwards
Hairline fracture:
not a complete break
Impacted Fracture
: bone's ends are broken into one another
Oblique Fracture
: Broken completely at an angle
Epiphyseal Fracture
: bone broken along epiphyseal plate
Compression Fracture:
too much pressure on bone causeing it to become crushed
Commuted Fracture
: bone broken into several pieces
Greenstick fracture:
has apperance of broken tree branch
Transverse Fracture
:broken completly
Repairs
1)
Hematoma Formation
:a painful mass of clotted blood
2)
Fibrocartilanginous Callus Formation
: Hematoma-forming capillaries, repair tissue
3)
Bony Callus Formation:
Callus develops into a bony callus from spongy bone and lasts for around two months
4)
Bone Remodeling:
begins in bony callus formation, continues for months, and becomes original structure
Disorders and Diseases
Paget's disease:
In the spine, pelvis, femur, and skull, bone grows poorly and excessively quickly
unknown cause
Osteoporosis
: a class of diseases that affect both men and women equally but put postmenopausal women at lower risk due to testosterone, bad lifestyle, and hormone-related problems
treatments: calcium supplements, vitamin D dietary supplements, and hormone replacement therapy
Rickets
: bowed legs and bone abnormalities
cause is vitamin C deficiency
Osteomalacia
: Poorly mineralized bones and improper calcium salt deposition lead to weak, soft bones and pain when lifting weights
Joints
-Synovial joints
provide for movement.
Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses
: Nearly all bones connected by a hyaline cartilage bar or plate
Symphyses
: symphysis joint's fibrocartilage joins the bones
Synovial joints
- moveable
Pivot
: rotation
Condylar
: adduction/abduction and flexion/extension
Hinge
: extension/flexion
Ball-and-Socket
: abduction/adduction, rotation, extension/flexion
Saddle
: abduction/adduction and extension/flexion
Plane
: gliding
Fibrous joints
- most immovable
Sutures
: in Skull, has stiff interlocking joints; immovable sutures are called synostoses.
Gomphoses
: peg-in-socket joint, teeth
Syndesmoses
: ligaments hold bones together, and movement is dependent on fiber length: Short fibers move very little or not at all