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Chapter 5: Ecosystems: Energy, Patterns, and Disturbances, Chapter 7: The…

- - - - Heterotrophs Subcategories:
        Consumers: eat living prey
        decomposers: which break down dead organic material
      - Autotrophs Subcategories: Producers: Photosynthetic green plants, photosynthetic bacteria, Chemosynthetic bacteria
      - Food Chain Levels:
        Consumers:
        
        First-order consumers/herbivores
        
        Omnivores
        
        Second order consumers/ carnivores
        
        Higher orders of consumers/ carnivores
        
        Parasites
        
        A more basic food chain level:
        1. Primary Producers (plants/algae)
        2. Primary consumer (heterotrophs, omnivores)
        3. Secondary Consumer (omnivores, carnivores, small predators)
        4. Tertiary Consumer (omnivores, carnivores, larger predators)
        5. Quaternary Consumer (apex predators, ex. wolves, people, sharks)
      - Movement of Bioavailable contaminants in a food chain: some material is harder to get rid of and bioaccumulates building up in the organism’s tissues, remaining within its body throughout its life.
        1.The chemicals remain in the bodies of predators at higher rates, and become more concentrated as you go up the food chain.
    - - Terrestrial:
        1.On Land
        2.When in comes to biomass, the higher on the pyramid, the less biomass and energy conserved.
        
        Its main producers get their energy due to the sun
        
        Biomass: the total combined mass of organisms
      - Aquatic:
        
        In water/Ocean
        
        When it comes to biomass, it is an inverse biomass pyramid, due to the short lifespan of producers such as algae. (These producers use less energy, meaning that energy is more efficiently used on this pyramid and takes less energy is used at each level)
        
        More-coldblooded animals
      - Detrital: Several types of decomposers work to break up large, small, and tiny bits of dead organic matter. These organisms, in turn are eaten by other, higher-level consumers. The role of the producer is played by dead plant and animal matter.
      - Levels most ecosystems support: They support about three-four levels per ecosystem
- - - - 4. Green: occurred after WWII and was the starting of GMOs. Was the time of introduction to chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers, genetic modifiers. This led to the increase of crop yields and agriculture, but it also brought DDTs, Combat farms, and land work.
        5. Environmental: Is the area where we are today. It brought about robotics/ technology for the green movement. Helped us start with a sustainable lifestyle and reduced the levels of consumption.
- - - - Rural Settings (Low Income):
        
        needs more jobs and resources
        
        takes more resources (farm more, deforest areas, poor irrigation)
        
        overexploitation
        
        less access to education
        
        Pollution control issues and waste disposal
        
        heavy migration to urban settings
    - - Relationship between poverty and fertility rates: the lower the income, the higher the birth rates, due to the lack of education, funding, and knowledge.
        
        Total Fertility Rate (TFR): is the average number of children a woman has in her lifetime. Whereas Replacement-Level Fertility: is the fertility rate replacing population of parents.
        
        Lower income nations have high TFR and RLF due to the lack of contraceptives, education, and resources
        
        A stable TFR is about 2 children (replacement level), < 2 is greying stage, and > 2 is overgrowing stage.
  - - - Impacts of Affluence Lifestyles (Such as the United States) on the Environment:
        
        Overconsumption of resources
        
        overuse of fossil fuels (lack of public transportation, North America specifically)
        
        Good policies and tech to help protect humans/ environment
        
        good education
        
        not as impacted by issues (push problems onto other countries)
        
        Impacts of Poverty Lifestyles on the Environment:
        
        less access to elite resources
        
        overexploitation (biodiversity loss issues)
        
        lack of technology to combat environmental issues
        
        lack of pollution control
        
        Lack of environmental policies
        
        less likely to contribute to global climate change (more impacted by inputs, like natural disasters)
        
        less access to meat and transportation = less CO2 emissions
        
        very high populations lack sanitation, prone to diseases
- - - - This can describe the Poverty Trap: in which poverty, environmental degradation, and higher fertility rates become locked in a self-perpetuating cycle. They are all tied to each other and influence how the other factors interact
      - Demographic Dividend: As a country goes through the demographic transition, there is a stage when the dependency ratio is low, giving the country the opportunity to spend more on poverty alleviation and economic growth.
        (This goes in hand with the dependency ratio: which is the ratio to nonworking people to working people of a population.
- - - - Loss in biodiversity has a tremendous negative effect on the world, having serious consequences.
        1.comes with the declining of income, jobs, resources, and cause of poverty.
        2.loss in population leads to decline with goods and services
        
        Leads to the extinction of species and individuals