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Leidy Esquivel P:2 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Leidy Esquivel P:2 Skeletal System
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Central canal- contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
Perforating canals- connect blood vessels and nerves of peritoneum
Osteon- an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone
Lacunae- small cavities that contain osteocytes
Osteclasts- multinucleate cells function in bone resorption
Canaliculi- hairlike canals that connect lacunae to eachother
Bone Lining cells- flat cells on bone surfaces that help maintain matrix
Spongy bone- Appears poorly organized, organized along lines of stress
Osteocytes- mature bone cells in lacunae that doesn't divide
Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix
Osteogenetic cells- Mitotically active stem cells
Bones
Axial
Head/skull
Parietal bone- skull cap
Lacrimal bone- Bone in the eye region
Frontal bone- Forehead
Ethmoid bone- located in orbital
Sphenoid bone- base of skull
Temporal bone- side and base of skull
Nasal bone- bone in nose
Vomer bone- unpair bone of skull
Zygomatic bone- Bone in cheeks
Maxilla- upper jaw
Mandible- jaw
Occipital bone- back of skull
Palatine bone- roof of mouth
Vertebra/spine
Cervical vertebrae- 7 bones that provide support
Thoracic Vertebrae- 12 bones that make up thoracic spine
Lumbar Vertebrae- 5 bones that make spinal column
Axis-second cervical vertebra C2
Atlas-uppermost cervical vertebra
Hyoid-tongue bone
Sacrum- lower spine that forms pelvis
Coccyx- tail bone
Thoracic cage
Ribs
True ribs- Front ribs 1-7
False ribs- Lower ribs 8-12
Sternum- long flat bone in the middle
Appendicular
clavicle- collarbone
Scapula- shoulder blade
Humerus- long bone in the arm
Radius- main bone of forearm
Ulna- medial bone of forearm
Carpals- wrist that connects hand to forearm
Metacarpals- part of hand
Phalanges- bones of fingers
Pelvic bone- lower part of trunk
Femur- Long bone of leg
Patella- kneecap
Tibia- shinbone/inner bone of lower leg
Fibula- outer bone of lower leg
Tarsals- ankle bones
Metatarsals- bones in foot
Phalanges- toes
Calcaneus- bone in heel
Talus- large bone in ankle
Types of bones
Long bone
Longer than they are wide
Limb Bone
Femur- long bone of leg
Short bone
Cube shaped bones
Sesamoid bones form within tendons
Wrist, ankle, and patella
Flat bone
Thin, flat, slightly curved
Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most of skull bones
Irregular bone
Complicated shapes
Vertebrae and hip bones
Anatomy of Long Bone
Proximal Epiphysis
Spongy bone- large spaces that give a honeycombed appearance.
Epiphyseal line-line of junction
Articular Cartilage- smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones
Diaphysis
Compact bone-contains bone cells
Medullary cavity- red bone marrow
Periosteum-fibrous sheath that covers bones
Endosteum- membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall
Yellow bone marrow- made mostly of fat and contains stem cells
Nutrient foramen- passage to the blood vessels of medullary cavity
Perforating fibers- matrix of connective tissue
Nutrient Artery- most apparent blood vessels of the bones
Distal Epiphysis
The rounded end portion of the long bones
Bone Remodeling
Remodeling units- Packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Resorption- grooves as they break down matrix
Bone remodeling- Occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
Bone deposit- new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone Fracture Repair
Treatment
Open reduction- surgical pins or wires secure ends
Immobilization- cast or traction needed for healing
Closed reduction- physician manipulates to correct position
Repair
Fibrocartilaginous callus- capillaries grow into hematoma
Bony Callus- Callus is converted to bony hard callus of spongy bone
Hematoma formation- torn blood vessels forming mass of clotted blood
Bone remodeling- compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
Joints
Fribrous Joints
Syndesmoses- bone connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
Gomphoses- peg-in-socket joints, holds tooth in socket
Sutures- rigid, interlocking joints of skull
Ex- interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna
Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondroses- bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
Symphyses- Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysisi joint
Ex- Temporary epiphyseal plate joints
Ex- Intervertebral joint, pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints
Includes almost all limb joints
Have bursae and tendon sheaths
Bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Angular movements
Increases or decreases angle between two bones
Flexion- decreases the angle of the joint
Extension- increases the angle of the joint
Abduction- movement along frontal plane, away from midline
Adduction- movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
Circumduction- involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
Rotation
Turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
Medial- rotation toward misline
Lateral- rotation away from midline
Gliding
Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Differences between male and female skeleton
Female
Pubic bone is wider more like a "V" shape
Shorter, wider, and thinner sacrum
Large pelvic outlet
Male
have larger, more robust bones and joint surfaces
more bone development at muscle attachment sites
Pubic bone is more smaller
Disorders/diseases
Rickets (osteomalacia of children)
bones are enlarged and abnormally long
caused by vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
Result in bowed legs and other bone deformities
Osteoporosis
Matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines
Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible
Group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit
Osteomalacia
Result in soft, weak bones
Pain upon bearing weight
Bones are poorly mineralized
Paget's disease
very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization
usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone too grow fast and develop poorly