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Evie Ramos Per 3 Skeletal system - Coggle Diagram
Evie Ramos
Per 3
Skeletal system
Names of all the bones
Skull (cranium) & facial bones
8 Cranial Bones
1 Frontal
forms anterior part of skull, above eyes (forehead)
2 Parietal
Form the roof and sides of the skull, just behind the
frontal bone
1 Occipital
Forms the back of the skull and the base of the
cranium
2 Temporal
Form parts of the sides and base of the cranium
1 Sphenoid
Helps form the base of the cranium, sides of the skull and portions of the orbits
1 Ethmoid
Its located in front of the sphenoid bone
14 Facial Bones
2 Maxilla
Form the upper jaw, hard palate, floor of the eye
orbits, sides of the nasal cavity, house the upper teeth
2 Zygomatic
Form the cheekbones and lateral walls of the
orbits
2 Palatine
Located behind the maxillae, that form the floor & lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the posterior portion of the hard palate
2 Inferior Nasal Concha
Are fragile, scroll-shaped bones that
support mucous membranes in the nasal cavity
1 Mandible
Lower jawbone, supports the lower teeth (only movable bone in the skull)
2 Lacrimal
Form part of the medial walls of the eyes
2 Nasal
Form the bridge of the nose
1 Vomer
makes up a portion of the nasal septum
Vertebral Column
7 Cervical Vertebrae in the neck
atlas (C1), supports the head; has two facets that articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull, and has no body or spinous process
axis (C2), contains the tooth-like dens that
pivots within the atlas
2 Thoracic Vertebrae
Associated with the ribs
5 Lumbar Vertebrae
The lumbar is more stronger/larger than the others and they support the weight of the body
Sacrum
triangular structure connected by the bottom of the lumbar vertebrae and 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx
Tail bone and have 4 fused vertebrae
Thoracic Cage
24 Ribs (12 pairs)
True ribs are the top 7 pairs of ribs are , connect to the sternum
directly by their costal cartilages
False ribs are the top 5 pairs, they do not reach the sternum
directly
The upper 3 pairs join the cartilages of the 7th rib
Floating ribs are the lower 2 pairs, because they have no cartilaginous attachments to the sternum
Sternum (breastbone)
3 portions are an upper manubrium, middle body, and lower
xiphoid process and articulates with the clavicle
Pectoral girdle (shoulder Girdle)
Supports the upper limb and a attachment site for muscles that move them
2 scapulae (shoulder blades) - broad, triangular bones on either side of the upper back
2 clavicles (collarbones) S-shaped bones located at the base of the neck, that function to brace the scapulae attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs,
chest and back
Upper Limbs
Humerus (upper arm)
Radius (Lower forearm - thumb side)
Ulna (lower forearm – pinky side)
Carpals (wrist)
Metacarpals (palms)
Phalanges (fingers)
Pelvic Girdle
Consists of the 2 hip (coxal, pelvic, or innominate) bones
pelvis consists of the sacrum, coccyx and pelvic girdle
Supports the trunk of the body on the lower limbs, attachments for the lower limbs, and protects the organs inside, ex: urinary bladder, end of the large intestine
Lower Limbs
Femur (thigh)
Tibia (shin bone –big toe side)
Fibula (lateral lower leg bone –pinky toe side)
Patella (kneecap)
Tarsals (ankle)
The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula
The calcaneus (heel bone) supports the body weight
Metatarsals (sole of foot)
Phalanges (toes)
Middle ear bones
Malleus 2
Incus 2
Stapes 2
Hoyoid 1
Types of bones
Long: long with expanded ends; examples: arm and leg bones
Short: almost equal in length and width; examples: bones of the wrist and ankles
Flat: plate-like shape with broad surface; examples: ribs,
scapula, flattened skull bones
Irregular: varied shape; examples: vertebrae, some facial bones
Anatomy of the long bone
Epiphyses are expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the epiphyses
The shaft of the bone is the diaphysis
Periosteum is a tough layer of dense connective tissue, covers the bone, and is continuous with ligaments and tendons
Medullary Cavity is the diaphysis and contains a hollow chamber
Endosteum is lined with a thin layer of cells in the medullary cavity
Bone marrow is where the medullary cavity is filled with a special type of connective
tissue
Compact bone is a very tightly packed tissue, which makes up the wall of the diaphysis
Spongy bone consists of many branching bony plates called
trabeculae
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Bone cells, called osteocytes, are located within chambers called lacunae
In compact bone, lacunae lie in concentric circles of matrix called lamellae
Lamellae are deposited around a cylindrical tube called a central
(Haversian) canal; central canals contain blood vessels and nerves
Osteocytes pass nutrients and gases through the matrix via tiny canals
called canaliculi
osteocytes and extracellular matrix layers are organized into osteons (Haversian systems) that are cemented together
Volkmann’s canals help osteons share blood supply and nerves
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts resorb and osteoblasts deposit bone throughout life, in a process called bone remodeling
The remodeling process is controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium levels
Bone fracture repair
When the bone breaks, the blood vessels rupture, the blood spreads through the damaged area forming a blood clot. After days or weeks, Blood vessels and large amounts of osteoblasts originating in the periosteum invade the hematoma.
Osteoclasts also appear and resorb bone fragments, aiding in cleaning up debris. Fibrocartilage fills the gap between the ends of the broken bone. A cartilaginous soft callus is later replaced by bone tissue in much the same way that hyaline cartilage of endochondral bone is replaced.
The cartilaginous callus breaks down blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the area, hard bony callus fills the space. More bone is produced at the site of the healing fracture than is necessary to replace the damaged tissues. Osteoclasts remove the excess, and result is a bone like the original
Joints
Fibrous (composed of dense connective tissue)
Most are immovable, such as the sutures of the skull A few are slightly movable, such as the joint between the distal tibia and fibula
A few are slightly movable, such as the joint between the distal tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous (composed of cartilage)
Connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs between vertebrae help absorb shock and are slightly movable
Other examples include the pubic symphysis and the first rib with the sternum
Synovial: having a complex structure
Most joints of the skeleton are synovial joints
Articular ends of bones in a synovial joint are covered with hyaline (articular) cartilage
Joint capsule consists of an outer layer of dense connective tissue, and an inner layer, called the synovial membrane
Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Flexion: bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases
Extension: straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them increases
Lateral flexion: bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
Hyperextension: straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Abduction: moving a body part away from the midline
Adduction: moving a body part toward the midline
Dorsiflexion: ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
Plantar flexion: ankle movement that moves the foot farther from the shin, points the toes
Rotation: movement of a part around an axis
Circumduction: movement of a part so its end follows a circular path
Pronation: rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
Supination: rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
Differences between male and female skeleton
Pelvic Girdle
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments
The female obturator foramina are triangular, whereas the male's are oval
The female acetabula are smaller and the pubic arch is wider than corresponding structures of a male
Sacrum
The female sacrum is more expansive, and the sacral curvature is bent more posteriorly than a male.
Coccyx
Female coccyx is more movable than that of a male.
Disorders/diseases
Osteoarthritis
Protective cartilage tends of the bones wears down
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Genetic disorders that cause brittle bones
Osteosarcoma
Matigant bone tumor
Osteomyelitis
Infection in the bone
Pagets Disease
Metabolic bone disease affecting the break down/ rebuilding of the bone