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Damian Velazquez P.3 …
Damian Velazquez
P.3 Skeletal
Type of bones
Long
Long with expanded ends
Short
Almost equal in length & width
Sesamoid
Small nodular bones that are created within a tendon; special type of short bone
Flat
Plate-like shape with broad surface
Irregular
Varied shape
Name all the bones
Skull
Frontal,Parietal,Temporal,Maxilla,Mandible,Zygomatic,& Nasal.
Upper limb
Humerus,Ulna,Radius,Carpal,Metacarpal,Phalanges,Scapula,& Clavicle.
Lower limb
Femur,Fibula,Tibia,Tarsal,Calcaneus,Talus, Metatarsal,Phalanges,& Patella.
Thoracic Cage
Sternum,Ribs,(Scapula),& (Clavicle)
Vertebral
Cervical,Atlas,Axis,Thoracic,Lumbar,Sacrum,Coccyx,&
Coxal bone.
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Canaliculi
Osteocytes pass nutrients & gases through the matrix via tiny canal know as Canaliculi
Extracellular matrix
Contains mostly collagen & inorganic salts: Collagen provides strength & resilience. Inorganic salts (mostly calcium phosphate) provides hardness & resistance to crushing
Central Canal
Lamellae are set around the central canal; central canal has blood vessels & nerves
Osteons
In compact bones, osteocytes & extracellular matrix layer are organized into Osteons that are cemented together
Lamellae
In compact bones, lacunae lies in concentric circles of matrix know as Lamellae
Perforating canal
Central canals of adjacent osteons are interconnected by transverse perforating canals; these help osteons share blood supply & nerves.
Osteocytes
Bone cells found in chambers known as lacunae
Spongy bone/Trabeculae
Spongy bone is created by osteocytes & extracellular matrix that are found in trabeculae.
Anatomy of the long bone
Medullary cavity
The hollow chamber that is found in diaphysis
Endosteum
It's lined with a thin layer cells with the medullary cavity
Periosteum
The Dense connective tissue has a tough layer that covers the bone, it continue with ligaments & tendons
Bone marrow
It fills the medullary cavity with a special type of connective tissue
Diaphysis
The shaft of the bone
Processes
Provides attachment sites for tendons & ligaments, opening or grooves for blood vessels & nerves, & depression for articulation
Articular cartilage
Covers the epiphyses
Compact bone
A packed tissue that is very tight, it created wall of the diaphysis
Epiphyses
Bones with expanded ends that create joints with adjacent bones
Spongy bone
contains multiple branching bony plates known as trabeculae
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts & Osteoblasts resorb, deposit bone throughout life, a process known as bone remodeling. The hormones controlles the remodeling process that regulate blood calcium levels.
Bone fracture & repair
Osteoclast resorb the dead bone and the Osteoblast replaces the cartilage putting new ones. This starts remodeling of the bone.
Joints
Fibrous
Mostly immovable, like the sutures of the skull. Only a few can move a little, like the joint between distal tibia & fibula.
Cartilaginous
Intervertebral discs between vertebrae help absorb shock & are slightly movable.
Synovial
Skeleton joints are mostly synovial.
Difference between male and female skeleton
A difference is the male and female Pelvis. The male pubic arch is smaller while a female pubic arch is wider than a males.
Disorders/Disease
Osteosarcoma
Malignant bone tumor. A cause of this is heredity or age. Symptoms are bone fracture, limited movement, & swelling. A treatment is limb amputation or chemotherapy.
Osteomyelitis
An infection in the bone. A cause of this is bacteria traveling through the blood stream into the none. Symptoms are fevers, pain at the infection area, & swelling. A treatment is surgical drainage.
Osteoarthritis
Protective cartilage at ends of bones weats down. A cause and risk is repetitive joint stress and bone deformities. Symptoms are stiffness, loss of flexibility and bonespurs. A treatment is physical therapy or surgey.
Paget's disease
Metabolic bone disease affecting the breakdown & rebuilding of bone. A cause of this is possible vital infection. Symptoms are hip pain in pelvis, tingling & numbness in spine, & bone deformity in legs or arms. A treatment is a joint replacement.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones. The risk of this is deafness. Symptoms are Easily fracture bone, hearing loss and limb deformity and shortening. A treatment is Bone marrow transplant.
Movement allowed by synovial
Plantar Flexion: Ankle movement that moves the foot farther away from the shin; points the toes
Rotation:Movement of a part around the axis
Dorsiflexion: Ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
Circumduction: Movement of a part so its ends follows a circular path
Adduction: Moving body part towards the midline
Pronation: Rotation of forearm so that the palms is facing downward or posteriorly
Abduction: Moving body part away from the midline
Supination: Rotation of forearm so that the palms are facing upward or anteriorly
Hyperextension: Straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Inversion: Turning the sole (Plantar surface) of the foot medially
Lateral Flexion: Bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
Eversion: Turning the sole (Plantar surface) of the foot laterally
Extension: Straightening parts of a joint, so that the angle between increases
Protraction: Moving a part of the body forward
Flexion: Bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases
Retraction: Moving a part of the body backwards
Elevation: Raising a part of the body
Depression: Lowering a part of the body