Natalie Valdivia
Period: 3
Integumentary System
Name of all the bones:
Vomer bone: makes up a portion of the nasal septum
Inferior nasal conchae: are scroll-shaped bones that support mucous membranes in the nasal cavity
Nasal bones: form the bridge of the nose
Mandible: lower jawbone that supports the lower teeth
Lacrimal bones: form part of the medial walls of the orbits
Types of bones:
Sesamoid (round) Bones: small, nodular bones that develop within a tendon, it is special type of short bone
Example: patella
Flat Bones: plate-like shape with broad surface Example: ribs, scapula, flattened skull bones
Short Bones: almost equal in length and width
Example: bones of the wrist and ankle
Irregular Bones: varied in shape
Example: vertebrae, some facial bones
Anatomy of the long bone:
The diaphysis is the shaft of the bone
Periosteum is a dense connective tissue that covers the bone and is continues with ligaments and tendons
Articular Cartilage known as (hyaline cartilage) covers the epiphyes
The epiphyses is the expanded end of the bones that form joints with adjacent bones
Medullary cavity contains a hollow chamber
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue:
Lamellae are deposited around a cylindrical tube called a central (Haversian) canal and the central canals contain blood vessels and nerves
Canaliculi osteocytes pass the nutrients and gases through the matrix via a tiny canals
lamellae is when the acunae lies in the concentric circles of the matrix
Extracellular matrix are bones that consists of collagen and inorganic salts
Bone cells called osteocytes are located within the chambers called lacunae
Bone fracture repair:
Bone remodeling:
Endochondral bones form from a hyaline cartilage model
Formation of bone from connective tissue is called ossification
Intramembranous bones originate within sheet-like layers of
connective tissue
Bones form by replacing existing connective tissues in the fetus
Orthopedic surgeons use rods, wires, and nails
Screws and plates are used to internally align the healing bone parts
Casts are used to immoblilize fractured bones
A device called hybrid fixator treats a broken leg using metal pins to internally align the bone pieces
Joints:
Synovial Joint: -Are diarthrotic (allow free movement) -Articular ends of bones are covered with
hyaline (articular) cartilage
Cartilaginous Joint: Connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Fibrous Joint: -Most are immovable like the sutures of the skull.
-A few are slightly movable like the joint between the distal
tibia and fibula
Movement allowed by Synovial Joints:
Rotation: movement of a part around an axis
Plantar flexion: ankle movement that moves the foot farther
from the shin; points the toes
Circumduction: movement of a part so its end follows a circular
path
Differences of male and female skeleton:
Male:
Female:
Disorder/ diseases:
Osteosarcoma: is a malignant bone tumor
Osteomyelitis: is an infection in the bones
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: is a genetic disorder that causes brittle bone
Endosteum is the medullary cavity that is lined with a thin layer of cells
Bone marrow is filled with a special type of connective tissue
Compact bone is a very tightly packed tissue and makes up the wall of the diaphysis
Spongy bone consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae
The long bone includes the arms and legs
Long with expanded ends
Long Bones: long with expanded ends
Example: arm and leg bones
The acetabula is smaller and the pubic arch is wider
The ischial spines and ischial
tuberosities are lesser in distance
The coccyx is less movable
The pelvic cavity is more narrow
The obturator foramina is oval
The pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped
The obturator foramina triangular
The hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less muscular attachments.
The ischial spines and ischial
tuberosities are greater in distance
The sacrum is more wider
The coccyx is more movable
The pins are anchored to a metal ring device worn outside the leg
Osteons (Haversian systems) osteocytes and extracellular matrix layers are organized the Haversian systems and are cemmented together
Central canals of adjacent osteons are interconnected by a transverse perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
spongy bone is made of osteocytes and
extracellular matrix that lie within the trabeculae
Paget's Disease: is a metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of the bone
Osteoarthritis: is a protective cartilage at the end of bones wear downs
atlas (C1): supports the head
Zygomatic bones: form the cheekbones
Palatine bones: are L-shaped bones located behind the maxillae
Maxillae: forms the upper jaw
axis (C2): contains the tooth-like dens that
pivots within the atlas
Ethmoid bone: is located in front of the sphenoid bone
Coccyx: is also the tailbone
Sphenoid bone: helps form the base of the cranium, sides of the skull and portions of the orbits
Temporal bones: form parts of the sides and base of the cranium
Occipital bone: forms the back of the skull
Parietal bones: are the sides of the skull behind the frontal bone
Frontal bone: is the front forehead of the skull
Paranasal Sinuses: encloses and protects the brain, provides attachments for muscles and contains air-filled and reduces its weight and increase vocal resonance
Pronation: rotation of forearm so that the
palm is facing
downward or posteriorly
Dorsiflexion: ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the
shin
Supination: rotation of forearm so that the palm s facing
upward or anteriorly
Adduction: moving a body part toward the midline
Inversion: turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot medially
Abduction: moving a body part away from the midline
Eversion: turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot laterally
Hyperextension: straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Protraction: moving a part of the body forward
Lateral flexion: bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
Retraction: moving a part of the body backward
Extension: straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them
increases
Elevation: raising a part of the body
Flexion: bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases
Depression: lowering a part of the body