Natalie Valdivia
Period: 3
Integumentary System

Name of all the bones:

Vomer bone: makes up a portion of the nasal septum

Inferior nasal conchae: are scroll-shaped bones that support mucous membranes in the nasal cavity

Nasal bones: form the bridge of the nose

Mandible: lower jawbone that supports the lower teeth

Lacrimal bones: form part of the medial walls of the orbits

Types of bones:

Sesamoid (round) Bones: small, nodular bones that develop within a tendon, it is special type of short bone
Example: patella

Flat Bones: plate-like shape with broad surface Example: ribs, scapula, flattened skull bones

Short Bones: almost equal in length and width
Example: bones of the wrist and ankle

Irregular Bones: varied in shape
Example: vertebrae, some facial bones

Anatomy of the long bone:

The diaphysis is the shaft of the bone

Periosteum is a dense connective tissue that covers the bone and is continues with ligaments and tendons

Articular Cartilage known as (hyaline cartilage) covers the epiphyes

The epiphyses is the expanded end of the bones that form joints with adjacent bones

Medullary cavity contains a hollow chamber

Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue:

Lamellae are deposited around a cylindrical tube called a central (Haversian) canal and the central canals contain blood vessels and nerves

Canaliculi osteocytes pass the nutrients and gases through the matrix via a tiny canals

lamellae is when the acunae lies in the concentric circles of the matrix

Extracellular matrix are bones that consists of collagen and inorganic salts

Bone cells called osteocytes are located within the chambers called lacunae

Bone fracture repair:

Bone remodeling:

Endochondral bones form from a hyaline cartilage model

Formation of bone from connective tissue is called ossification

Intramembranous bones originate within sheet-like layers of
connective tissue

Bones form by replacing existing connective tissues in the fetus

Orthopedic surgeons use rods, wires, and nails

Screws and plates are used to internally align the healing bone parts

Casts are used to immoblilize fractured bones

A device called hybrid fixator treats a broken leg using metal pins to internally align the bone pieces

Joints:

Synovial Joint: -Are diarthrotic (allow free movement) -Articular ends of bones are covered with
hyaline (articular) cartilage

Cartilaginous Joint: Connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage

Fibrous Joint: -Most are immovable like the sutures of the skull.
-A few are slightly movable like the joint between the distal
tibia and fibula

Movement allowed by Synovial Joints:

Rotation: movement of a part around an axis

Plantar flexion: ankle movement that moves the foot farther
from the shin; points the toes

Circumduction: movement of a part so its end follows a circular
path

Differences of male and female skeleton:

Male:

Female:

Disorder/ diseases:

Osteosarcoma: is a malignant bone tumor

Osteomyelitis: is an infection in the bones

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: is a genetic disorder that causes brittle bone

Endosteum is the medullary cavity that is lined with a thin layer of cells


Bone marrow is filled with a special type of connective tissue

Compact bone is a very tightly packed tissue and makes up the wall of the diaphysis

Spongy bone consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae

The long bone includes the arms and legs

Long with expanded ends

Long Bones: long with expanded ends
Example: arm and leg bones

The acetabula is smaller and the pubic arch is wider

The ischial spines and ischial
tuberosities are lesser in distance

The coccyx is less movable

The pelvic cavity is more narrow

The obturator foramina is oval

The pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped

The obturator foramina triangular

The hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less muscular attachments.

The ischial spines and ischial
tuberosities are greater in distance

The sacrum is more wider

The coccyx is more movable

The pins are anchored to a metal ring device worn outside the leg

Osteons (Haversian systems) osteocytes and extracellular matrix layers are organized the Haversian systems and are cemmented together

Central canals of adjacent osteons are interconnected by a transverse perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

spongy bone is made of osteocytes and
extracellular matrix that lie within the trabeculae

Paget's Disease: is a metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of the bone


Osteoarthritis: is a protective cartilage at the end of bones wear downs

atlas (C1): supports the head

Zygomatic bones: form the cheekbones

Palatine bones: are L-shaped bones located behind the maxillae

Maxillae: forms the upper jaw

axis (C2): contains the tooth-like dens that
pivots within the atlas

Ethmoid bone: is located in front of the sphenoid bone

Coccyx: is also the tailbone

Sphenoid bone: helps form the base of the cranium, sides of the skull and portions of the orbits

Temporal bones: form parts of the sides and base of the cranium

Occipital bone: forms the back of the skull

Parietal bones: are the sides of the skull behind the frontal bone

Frontal bone: is the front forehead of the skull

Paranasal Sinuses: encloses and protects the brain, provides attachments for muscles and contains air-filled and reduces its weight and increase vocal resonance

Pronation: rotation of forearm so that the
palm is facing
downward or posteriorly

Dorsiflexion: ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the
shin

Supination: rotation of forearm so that the palm s facing
upward or anteriorly

Adduction: moving a body part toward the midline

Inversion: turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot medially

Abduction: moving a body part away from the midline

Eversion: turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot laterally

Hyperextension: straightening beyond normal anatomical position

Protraction: moving a part of the body forward

Lateral flexion: bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side

Retraction: moving a part of the body backward

Extension: straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them
increases

Elevation: raising a part of the body

Flexion: bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases

Depression: lowering a part of the body