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Giselle Rojas Integumentary System Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Giselle Rojas Integumentary System Period 3
NAMES OF ALL BONES+Anatomy term/Common term/Definition
ANATOMY TERM: Frontal Bone
COMMON TERM: Forehead
DEFINITION: forms anterior part of skull, above eyes, features inside the supra-orbital foreman and the frontal sinuses
DEFINITION: forms the roof and sides of the skull, just behind the frontal bone, they join along the midline at the sagittal suture, and meet the frontal bone along the coronal suture
ANATOMY TERM: Occipital Bone
COMMON TERM: Lower back of the skull
DEFINITION: forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranium, joins parietal bones at lambdoid suture
DEFINITION: forms the upper jaw, hard palate, floor of the eye orbits, sides of the nasal cavity, house the upper teeth
ANATOMY TERM: Zygomatic Bone
COMMON TERM: Cheek bone
2 more items...
ANATOMY TERM: Palatine Bone
COMMON TERM: Upper jaw bone
ANATOMY TERM: Maxilla Bone
COMMON TERM: Middle part of skull
ANATOMY TERM: Parietal Bone
TYPES OF BONES+Examples of Each
TYPE: Long Bone: long with expanded ends
EXAMPLE: arm and leg bones
TYPE:Short Bone: almost equal in length and width
EXAMPLE: bones of wrist and ankles
TYPE: Flat Bone: Plate-like shape with broad surface
EXAMPLE: ribs, scapula, flattened skull bones
TYPE: Irregular Bone: varied shape
EXAMPLE: vertebrae, some facial bones
ANATOMY OF LONG BONE
Epiphyses:expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones
Diaphysis: shaft of the bone
Articular Cartilage: (hyaline cartilage) covers the epiphysis
Periosteum: tough layer of dense connective tissue; covers the bone, in continuous with ligaments and tendons
The medullary cavity is lined within a thin layer of cells called the ENDOSTEUM
Medullary Cavity: contains a hollow chamber
Medullary Cavity is filled with a special type of connective tissue called BONE MARROW
COMPACT BONE: a very tightly packed tissue which makes up wall of the diaphysis
SPONGY BONE: consists of many branching bony plates called TRABECULAE
epiphyses are filled with spongy cancellous bone, which reduces the weight of skeleton
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF BONE
OSTEOGENIC CELLS (osteoprogenitor cells): mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
OSTEOBLASTS:bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
osteoid is made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins
collagen makes up 90% of bone protein
OSTEOCYTES: mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divides
BONE LINING CELLS: flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix along with osteocytes
OSTEOCLASTS: derived from the same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages
COMPACT BONE (lamellar bone)
OSTEON (haversian system): the structural unit of compact bone
CENTRAL HAVERSIAN CANAL: runs through the core of osteon, contains blood vessel and nerve fibers
PERFORATING (volkmanns) CANAL: canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal
LACUNAE: small cavities that contain osteocytes
CANALICULI: hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other
SPONGY BONE: appears poorly organized but is actually organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress
BONE REMODELING
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE SKELETON
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments
The female obturator foramina are triangular
Male obturator foramina are oval
Female acetabula are smaller and the pubic arch is wider
Male pubic arch is taller/thinner than female
Female pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter/roomier, and less funnel-shaped
Distances beteen the female ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater than in male
Distances between male ischial spine and ischial tuberosities are less than in female
Female sacrum is wider, and sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly than in a male
Male sacrum is less wide, more thin and the socral curvature is not as bent as in female
Male coccyx is not as movable as females
Female coccyx is more movable than that of a male
consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
REMODELING UNITS: packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
-resorption is function of osteoclasts
dig depressions or grooves as they break down the matrix
osteoclasts also phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes
BONE DEPOSIT: new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
BONE FRACTURE REPAIR
within days or weeks, developing blood vessels and large numbers of osteoclasts originating in the periosteum invade the hematoma
the osteoblasts rapidly divide in the regions close to the new blood vessels building spongy bone nearby
Granulation tissue develops, and in regions farther from a blood supply, fibroblasts produce masses of fibrocartilage
Phagocytic cells begin to remove the blood clot, as well as any dead or damaged cells in the affected area.
Fibrocartilage fills the gap between the ends of the broken bone
A cartilaginous soft callus is later replaced by bone tissue
JOINTS + examples of each
TYPE: FIBROUS JOINT: most are movable, few are slightly movable
EXAMPLE: Joint between the distal tibia and fibula
TYPE: CARTILAGINOUS JOINT: connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage. Intervertebral discs between vertebrae help absorb shock and are slightly movable
EXAMPLE: pubic symphasis and the 1st rib with the sternum
TYPE: SYNOVIAL JOINT: are diarthrotic (allow free movement)
EXAMPLE: most joints of the skeleton are synovial joints
synovial membrane secretes SYNOVIAL FLUID, which lubricates the joints
MOVEMENTS ALLOWED BY SYNOVIAL JOINTS
BALL-AND-SOCKET (spheroidal) JOINT: consists of a bone with globular or egg-shaped head
allows widest range of motion, including movement in all planes
EXAMPLE: the shoulder and hip joints
CONDYLAR (ellipsoidal) JOINT: consists of an ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity
permists back and forth and side to side movements within 2 planes but not rotation
EXAMPLE: joints between metacarpals and phalanges
PLANE (gliding) JOINT: articulating surfaces are nearly flat or sightly curved
allows a sliding or twisting movement
EXAMPLE: joints of the wrist and ankle, as well as those between vertebdrae, sacroiliac joints
HINGE JOINT: a convex surface of a bone fits into a concave surface of another
allows movement in 1 plane, like hinge of a door
EXAMPLE: the elbow and joints between phalanges
PIVOT (trochoid) JOINT: a cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and ligament
allows only rotation around the central axis
EXAMPLE: joint between the dens of the axis and the atlas
SADDLE (sellar) JOINT: found between bones that have both concave and convex areas in their articulating surfaces; bones have complementary surfaces
permits a variety of movements, mostly in 2 planes
EXAMPLE: the joint between the carpal and the metacarpal of the thumb
DISORDERS/DISEASES
DISEASE: OSTEOARTHRITIS: protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down
CAUSES:older age, more common in females, bone deformities
DISEASE: OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA: a genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
CAUSES: congenital mutation, frequent fractures, bone bowing seen in fetal ultrasound
DISEASE: OSTEOSARCOMA: mailgnant bone tumor
CAUSES: age, average age diagnosis is 15 years old, heredity
DISEASE: OSTEOMYELITIS: an infection in the bone
CAUSES: bacteria travels from bloodstream into bone, from puncture infection
DISEASE: PAGETS DISEASE: metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
CAUSES: exact cause is unknown, heredity, possible viral infection