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Gavin Arias Per.1 Skeletal…
Gavin Arias Per.1
Skeletal System
Bones of the Skeletal System
Radius-The bone of forearm farther from the body
Ulna-The bone of forearm closer to the body
Humerus-The main long bone of the arm
Carpals-The wrist
Sternum-The middle anterior bone connecting the true ribs
Metacarpals-Bones between the wrist and phalanges
Ribs-The bone group that houses the organs of the chest(vitals)
Phalanges(fingers)-Extensions of the hand
Hip-The base of the lower limbs
Femur-The main long bone of the leg
Lumbar Vertebrae-The lower back; connects the hip to the rest of the body
Patella(kneecap)-The bone that protects the large knee joint
Thoracic Vertebrae-The back bones; connects the torso to the rest of the body
Tibia-The shin
Cervical Vertebrae-The neck bones; connects the skull to the body
Fibula-The bone of calves farther from the body
Cranium(skull)-The group of connected bones that make up the housing of the brain
Tarsals-The ankle
Metatarsals-The bones between the ankle and phalanges
Phalanges(toes)-Extensions of the foot
Types of Bones
Short-have smaller ends, are usually accompanied with another short bone for strength, and have a shorter shaft
Flat-are flattened/thin and are connected with other flat bones
Long-have a two large ends and a longer shaft
Irregular-can’t fit into another category because of their abnormal shapes and functions
Anatomy of Long Bone
Endosteum-lines medullary
Bone Marrow-fills the medullary
Medullary Cavity-hollow central chamber of bone
Processes-provide muscle attachment points
Periosteum-covers the bone and is continuous with tendons and ligaments
Compact Bone-wall of diaphysis
Articular Cartilage-covers the epiphysis
Spongy Bone-branching bony plates in epiphysis
Diaphysis-shaft of the bone
Epiphysis- expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones
Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Differences of Male and Female Skeletons
Female pelvis is larger
Less evidence of muscle attachment points
Female bones are lighter and less dense
Extracellular Matrix-consists of collagen and inorganic salts
Canaliculi-tiny canals in matrix that carry nutrients and gases
Central(Haversian)Canal-cylindrical tube in bone
Lamellae-concentric circles of bone
Lacunae-bone chambers
Osteocytes-bone cells
Bone Remodeling
Bone cells are slowly placed on cleaned sites
Osteoblasts place down new bone and bone is replenished
Osteoclasts break down and absorb old bone
Disorders/Diseases
Osteosarcoma-malignant bone tumor
Osteomyelitis-an infection in the bone
Osteogenesis Imperfecta-a genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Paget's Disease-metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
Osteoarthritis-protective cartilage at ends of bones wear down
Bone Fracture Repair
Phagocytic cells remove the blood clot/damaged or dead cells; osteoclasts "clean up" debris
Fibrocartilage fills the gap of break; soft callus
Granulation tissue develops
Osteoblasts from the periosteum quickly divide in the blood clots, building spongy bone nearby
The callus breaks down and blood vessels and osteoblasts create a hard bony callus
Blood vessels rupture and create blood clots in the broken area
Movements of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket-widest range of motion(360)
Condylar-back/forth and side/side movement
Plane-sliding and twisting movement
Hinge-movement in 1-plane
Pivot-rotation around central axis
Saddle-movement in articulating areas
Joints
Cartilaginous-Composed of cartilage; are slightly movable; includes intervertebral discs
Synovial-Composed of synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bone de/repressions; includes most of the skeleton
Fibrous-Composed of DCT; most cannot move; includes sutures of skull