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skeletal concept map, , , ll - Coggle Diagram

- - - - fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue
      - osteogenic layer: inner layer abbutting bone- contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels
    - - covers trabecular of spongy bone
      - lines canals passing compact bone
- - - - located in upper and middle part of the back and consists of 12 vertebrae
    - - Consists of 5 bones on the lower back
    - - atlas: first cervical vertebrae, allows rotation of the head
      - axis: articulates with atlas
  - - - temporal: lateral skull base
      - sphenoid:behind the eye, base of cranium
      - ethmoid: : upper nasal cavity
    - - occipital: situated at back of head
      - parietal: side and top of the head
      - lambdoid suture: At the back of the head
      - sagittal suture:front to the back at the top
    - - frontal: (forehead)
        
        zygotmatic: irregular bone protecting cheeks
        
        maxillary: hallow space around the nasal
        
        vomer: thin bone separating left and right nasal
        
        mandible: holds lower teeth in place
        
        nasal: Nose
        
        cronal suture: frontal bone meets with
  - - - false ribs 8-10 ribs
      - floating ribs: 11 &12 ribs
      - true ribs: articulate with sternum (1st 7 ribs)
    - - coccyx:below the sacrum,aka the tailbone
      - located at the base of the lumbar vertebrae and connected by the pelvis
    - - U-shaped bone located at the neck
  - - - arm
        
        radius: smaller of the rtwo forearm bones
        
        ulna:one of two forearm bones
        
        humerus (upper arm):forming joingts at shoulder and elbow
      - hand
        
        carpals: bones of wrist
        
        metacarpals: between carpals and phalanges
        
        phalanges(finger): bones making up fingers
    - - leg
        
        tibia: shin bone
        
        fibula:between knee and ankle
        
        femur
        
        bone of thigh
        
        patella: bone in front of knee joint
      - foot
        
        phalanges: bones making up toes
        
        metatarsals: connects tarsals and phalanges (digital)
        
        tarsals: ankle
        
        calcaneus: largo bone forming heel
        
        talus: large bone in ankle
    - - scapula:connects clavicle to humerus
      - clavicle: (collar bone)
    - - hip bones (coxal)
        
        pubis: forms 2 sides of the pelvis
        
        ischium: lower and back of hip bone
        
        llium: forms upper part ofeach half of the pelvis
- - - - old age, most result from weakness of bone due to bone thining
  - - - epiphyseal: separated from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate
  - - - capillaries grow into hematoma
        
        phagocytic cells clear debris
        
        fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break & connect broken ends
    - - within week, new trabecule appears in fibrocartilaginous callus
        
        callus converted to bony, callus of spongy bone
        
        bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
    - - a blood vessels hemorrhage forms mass of clotted blood
    - - begins during body callus formation
        
        excess material on diaphysis exterior & within medullary cavidty is removed
        
        compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
        
        final suture resembles original structure
        
        responds to same mechanical stressors
- - - - fexion: decrease of angles of joint
      - extension increase angle of joints 180 degress?
      - hyper extension: movement beyond anatomical position
      - Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from midline
      - circumduction: flecion, abduction, extension, and adduction of line
      - adduction: movement along frontal place toward midline
    - - turning of bone around its own long axis toward midline of away
        
        medial: rotation toward midline
        
        lateral: Rotation away from midline
        
        rotation of humerus and femur
    - - example: intercarpal joints, intertarsal, artricular process of vertebrae
  - - - falms face anteriorly
      - pronation palms face psteriorly
    - - plantar
        
        pointing toes
      - dorisflecion
        
        bending foot toward skin
    - - inversion: sole of foot faces medially
      - eversionsole of foot faces laterally
    - - protraction: mandible justs out
      - retration: mandible is pulled toward necck
    - - Elevation: lifiting body part superiors
      - Depression: lowering body party ex-opening jaw
- - - - fibrous
        
        syndesmoses: joints held together by ligament fibrous tissue longer than suture
        
        found at between tibi and fibula
        
        gomphoses : peg In sovker fibrous joint, ligament holds tooth in socket
        
        socket of alveolar
        
        sutures: interlocking joints of skull
        
        immovable joints join skill in one unit
      - cartilaginous
      - synovial
        
        bones separated by fliud-filled joint cavity
        
        6 general structures
        
        joint (synovial)cavity: small fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
        
        articular: 2 layer thick
        
        external fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue
        
        inner: loose connective tissue
        
        articular cartilage: consists od hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones
        
        synovial fluid: viscous slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
        
        different types of reinforcing ligaments
        
        capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
        
        extracapular: outside capsule
        
        intracapular: deep to capsule
        
        nerves & blood vessels: Nerves detect pain ; monitor joint position & stretch
        
        6 joints
        
        condylar (finger)
        
        sadddle (finger)
        
        pivot (arm)
        
        Ball & socket (arm)
        
        hinge (arm
        
        plane ( finger)
    - - Diarthroses: freely moveable joints
      - amphiarthroses: sligtly moveable
      - synathroses: not moveable joints
- - - - groups of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposits
      - matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines
      - spongy bone of spine and neck of femus more susceptipble
      - risk factors
        
        most often aged, postmenopausal women
        
        affects 30% women aged 60-70 years & 70% by age 80%
        
        men are less prone due to protection by effect of testosterone
    - - bone deposits and resorption cause bone to grow fast and devlope poorly
      - usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur and skull
      - rarely occurs sbefore age 40
      - cayse unknow: possible viral treatment includes calcutonin bisphosphonates
    - - osteromalacia
        
        bones are poorly mineralized
        
        osteoid produced, but calcuium slats not adequate;y depostited
        
        results in soft weak bones
        
        pain upon bearing weight
      - rickets
        
        results in bowed legs & other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged & abnormally long
        
        causes: Vitamin D deficency or insufficient dietary calcium
- - - - big depressions of groovves as they break down matris
      - secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix
      - acidity converts calcium salts to soluable forms
      - osteroclasts also phagocytize matrix and dead osteoclasts
- - - - osterogenic cells
        
        Aka osteoprgenitor cells, stimulated to differetiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells
      - osteoblasts
        
        Bone-forming cells that secrete unminderalized bone matriz called osteoid
        
        osteoid made up of collagen
      - bone linigngs
        
        flat cella on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix
      - osteosclasts: derived from mature bones (hematopoietic cells that become macrophages
        
        function in bone resorption
        
        cells have ruffled borders