skeletal concept map

Joints (and examples of each type)

Anatomy of the long bone

Types of Bones

Differences between male and female skeleton

Movements allowed by Synovial Joints

Disorders/diseases

Bone remodeling

Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue

Names of all bones anatomy terms and common term/definition:

Bone fracture repair

Flat bones: Thin, flat, slightly curved

Short bones:cube shaped bones

Long bones: longer than they are wide Limb bones

Irregular bones: complicated shapes

example: long humerus

wrist and ankles

example: sternum, ribs, most skull bones

vertebrae and hib bones

veterbrae

skull

axial

appendicular

rib cage

upper

lower

pelvic girdle

sacrum

anterior and posterior view

thoracic

lumbar

cervical: 7 bones providing support for the spine

atlas: first cervical vertebrae, allows rotation of the head

axis: articulates with atlas

false ribs 8-10 ribs

floating ribs: 11 &12 ribs

true ribs: articulate with sternum (1st 7 ribs)

vertebrae

located in upper and middle part of the back and consists of 12 vertebrae

Consists of 5 bones on the lower back

leg

foot

phalanges: bones making up toes

metatarsals: connects tarsals and phalanges (digital)

tarsals: ankle

tibia: shin bone

fibula:between knee and ankle

arm

hand

carpals: bones of wrist

metacarpals: between carpals and phalanges

radius: smaller of the rtwo forearm bones

ulna:one of two forearm bones

coccyx:below the sacrum,aka the tailbone

located at the base of the lumbar vertebrae and connected by the pelvis

phalanges(finger): bones making up fingers

pelvis

hyoid:

humerus (upper arm):forming joingts at shoulder and elbow

scapula:connects clavicle to humerus

clavicle: (collar bone)

femur

hip bones (coxal)

pubis: forms 2 sides of the pelvis

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ischium: lower and back of hip bone

llium: forms upper part ofeach half of the pelvis

calcaneus: largo bone forming heel

talus: large bone in ankle

bone of thigh

patella: bone in front of knee joint

posterior

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temporal: lateral skull base

sphenoid:behind the eye, base of cranium

occipital: situated at back of head

parietal: side and top of the head

frontal: (forehead)

zygotmatic: irregular bone protecting cheeks

maxillary: hallow space around the nasal

vomer: thin bone separating left and right nasal

mandible: holds lower teeth in place

nasal: Nose

ethmoid: : upper nasal cavity

lambdoid suture: At the back of the head

sagittal suture:front to the back at the top

cronal suture: frontal bone meets with

U-shaped bone located at the neck

bones contain different types of tissues

Bones (osseous) tissue- predominates but a bone also hase nervous tissue, cartilage fribrous connective tissues, musscle cells, and epithelial cells in blood vessels

5 major cells types

osterogenic cells

osteoblasts

bone linigngs

osteosclasts: derived from mature bones (hematopoietic cells that become macrophages

Aka osteoprgenitor cells, stimulated to differetiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells

Bone-forming cells that secrete unminderalized bone matriz called osteoid

osteoid made up of collagen

flat cella on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix

function in bone resorption

cells have ruffled borders

all long bone have a shaft (diaphysis) bones that ends with eprphyses

diaphysis: tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone

diaphysis consists of compact bone

diaphysis also included a surrounded compact bone, surrounding medullary cavity (yellow bone marros

epiphyses: ends of long bone consisting of compact bone externally and spongy internally

articulat cartillage: covers articular (joint) surfaces

epiphyseal: between diaphysis and epipysis

membranes

periosteum: white double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces

fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue

osteogenic layer: inner layer abbutting bone- contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels

endosteum: connective tissue covering internal bone surface

covers trabecular of spongy bone

lines canals passing compact bone

bone remodels consists of bone depostis and bone resorption

occurs at surfaces of both perostrum and endosteum

remodeling units: packet of adjacent ostetoblasys and odteoclasts coordinate remodeling process

resorption: function of osteoclasts

big depressions of groovves as they break down matris

secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix

acidity converts calcium salts to soluable forms

bone deposits: New bone matriz is depostited by osteoblasts

osteroclasts also phagocytize matrix and dead osteoclasts

fractures- are breaks

during youth, most fractures results from trauma

old age, most result from weakness of bone due to bone thining

3 classificstions: position of bone, completeness of break, penetration of skin

common types:

spiral: ragged break occurs with twisting forces

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compression: crushed bone

depressed: broken bone portions press inward

comminuted: fragements into 3 or more pieces

greenstick: bone breaks incompletely

epiphyseal: separated from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

repair

fibrocartilaginous callus

bony callus formation

hematoma

bone remodeling

a blood vessels hemorrhage forms mass of clotted blood

capillaries grow into hematoma

phagocytic cells clear debris

fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break & connect broken ends

within week, new trabecule appears in fibrocartilaginous callus

callus converted to bony, callus of spongy bone

bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms

begins during body callus formation

excess material on diaphysis exterior & within medullary cavidty is removed

compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls

final suture resembles original structure

responds to same mechanical stressors

imbalances between bone deposits and bone resorption underline nearly every disease that effect the human skeleton

osteoporosis

Paget's disease

osteomalacia & rickets

osteromalacia

rickets

bones are poorly mineralized

osteoid produced, but calcuium slats not adequate;y depostited

results in soft weak bones

pain upon bearing weight

results in bowed legs & other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged & abnormally long

causes: Vitamin D deficency or insufficient dietary calcium

groups of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposits

matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines

spongy bone of spine and neck of femus more susceptipble

risk factors

most often aged, postmenopausal women

affects 30% women aged 60-70 years & 70% by age 80%

men are less prone due to protection by effect of testosterone

bone deposits and resorption cause bone to grow fast and devlope poorly

usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur and skull

rarely occurs sbefore age 40

cayse unknow: possible viral treatment includes calcutonin bisphosphonates

joints: where 2 or more bones meets giving skeleton mobility holds skeleton together

structural

functional

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

Diarthroses: freely moveable joints

amphiarthroses: sligtly moveable

synathroses: not moveable joints

syndesmoses: joints held together by ligament fibrous tissue longer than suture

gomphoses : peg In sovker fibrous joint, ligament holds tooth in socket

sutures: interlocking joints of skull

immovable joints join skill in one unit

found at between tibi and fibula

socket of alveolar

bones separated by fliud-filled joint cavity

6 general structures

joint (synovial)cavity: small fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints

articular: 2 layer thick

articular cartilage: consists od hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones

synovial fluid: viscous slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid

different types of reinforcing ligaments

nerves & blood vessels: Nerves detect pain ; monitor joint position & stretch

external fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue

inner: loose connective tissue

capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer

extracapular: outside capsule

intracapular: deep to capsule

6 joints

condylar (finger)

sadddle (finger)

pivot (arm)

Ball & socket (arm)

hinge (arm

plane ( finger)

range

Biaxial: movement in 2 planes

multiaxial: movement in or around 3 planes

uniaxial: movement in 1 place

nonaxial: slipping movement only

3 tyoes of movement

Angular movement

Rotation

Gliding: 1 flat bone surface glides or slips over another

example: intercarpal joints, intertarsal, artricular process of vertebrae

fexion: decrease of angles of joint

extension increase angle of joints 180 degress?

hyper extension: movement beyond anatomical position

Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from midline

circumduction: flecion, abduction, extension, and adduction of line

adduction: movement along frontal place toward midline

turning of bone around its own long axis toward midline of away

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medial: rotation toward midline

lateral: Rotation away from midline

rotation of humerus and femur

special movements

supination & pronation

falms face anteriorly

pronation palms face psteriorly

dorisflecion and plantar

plantar

dorisflecion

bending foot toward skin

pointing toes

inversion & eversion

inversion: sole of foot faces medially

eversionsole of foot faces laterally

protraction & retraction:

protraction: mandible justs out

retration: mandible is pulled toward necck

elevation & depression

Elevation: lifiting body part superiors

Depression: lowering body party ex-opening jaw

opposition: Movement of thumb

males: bones are more dense compared to women's

females: more likely to get osteroporosis

have a wider pelvis compared to the male skeleton

more broad of a pelvis

bones are short and light

males have short torsos

longer rib cage

pelvis bones are more narrow

less prone to bone diseases