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Skeletal System by Adrian Leandro - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System by Adrian Leandro
Types of Bones
Long bones
Humerus, Femur
Short bones
Carpals, tarsals, talus
Flat bones
Sternum, ribs, most skill bones
Irregular bones
Vertebrae, pelvis
Bone Names
Skull (Head)
Frontal
Parietal
Sphenoid
Temporal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Mandible
Occipital
Vertebral (Spine)
Atlas
Axis
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage)
Ribs
False Ribs
Floating Ribs
Sternum
Xiphoid process
Manubrium
Lower Limbs (Legs & feet)
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Calcaneus
Talus
Upper Limbs (Arms & Hands)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Joints
Cartilaginous
Bones united by cartilage, like fibrous joint, no cavity, not highly movable
Synchondrosis: Bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
Symphysis: Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
Fibrous
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity, most are immovable
Sutures: Rigid interlocking of skull, allow for growth
Syndesmoses: Bones connected by ligaments, band of fibrous tissue, movement varies
Gomphosis: Peg-in-socket joints
Synovial
Bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, all are diarthotic
Type: Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
Anatomy of long bone
Compact bone
Consists of osteon, canals, canaliculi, interstitial and circumferential lamellae
Diaphysis
tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
Epiphysis
Ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
Spongy Bone
Organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress
Medullary Cavity
Periosteum
Double-layered membrane that covers external
surfaces except joints. Fibrous layer: outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of Sharpey’s fibers that secure to bone matrix
Endosteum
Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface. Covers trabeculae of spongy bone. Lines canals that pass through compact bone
Epiphyseal line
Movement allowed by Synovial Joints
– Nonaxial: slipping movements only
– Uniaxial: movement in one plane
– Biaxial: movement in two planes
– Multiaxial: movement in or around all three planes
Gliding
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Rotation
turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
Angular movements
Increase or decrease angle between two bones. Movement along sagittal plane
Bone Remodeling
Bone Deposit
New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone Resorption
function of osteoclasts
Dig depressions or grooves as they break down matrix. Secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons (H+) that digest matrix. Acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
Occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
Disorders/Diseases
Osteomalacia
Bones are poorly mineralized. Osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited. Results in soft, weak bones. Pain upon bearing weight
Rickets
Results in bowed legs and other bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long
Osteoporosis
a group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit. Treatment: calcium, Vitamin D supplements, Weight-bearing exercise, Hormone replacement therapy. Prevent: Plenty of calcium in diet in early adulthood, Reduce consumption of carbonated beverages and alcohol
Pagets Disease
Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly. Usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull. Rarely occurs before age 40
Bone Fracture Repair
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation: Capillaries grow into hematoma. Phagocytic cells clear debris. Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends. Fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
Bone remodeling: Begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months. Excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed. Excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed. Final structure resembles original structure
Hematoma formation: Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma. Site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
Bony callus formation: Within one week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus. Callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone. Bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms.
Treatment involves reduction, the realignment of broken bone ends. Closed reduction: physician manipulates to correct position. Open reduction: surgical pins or wires secure ends. Immobilization of bone by cast or traction is needed for healing
Anatomy of bone tissue
Osteogenic cells
Also called osteoprogenitor cells. Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum. When stimulated, they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid. Osteoblasts are actively mitotic
Bone-lining cells
Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix (along with
osteocytes)
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide. Maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors
Osteoclasts
Derived from same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages. Giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption. When active, cells are located in depressions called resorption bays. Cells have ruffled borders that serve to increase surface area for enzyme degradation of bone
Male and Female Skeleton
Female and Male skeletons contain differently structured pelvic bones. The coccyx of the male pelvic bone is long than the females. The pelvic arch for the female pelvis is wider than the male pelvis. The female pelvis is overall much wider than the male pelvic bone