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Jesus Carranza Period 2 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Jesus Carranza Period 2 Skeletal System
The bones
Axial
Skull
Parietal
Temporal
Frontal (Forehead)
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxilla
Zygomatic (Cheek)
Mandible (Jaw)
Nasal (Nose)
Platine
Inferior nasal concha
Lacrimal
Vomer
Hyoid
Cervical vertebrae (Neck Spine)
Thoracic vertebrae (Middle Spine)
Lumbar vertebrae (Lower spine)
Sacrum (Hips)
Coccyx (Tail Bone)
Sternum
Ribs
Appendicular
Pectoral Gridle
Clavicle (Collar Bone)
Scapula
Upper Extremity
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals (Wrist)
Metacarpals
Phalanges (Fingers)
Lower Extremity
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella (Knee)
Tarsals (Ankle)
Metatarsals
Phalanges (Toes)
Types of bones
Long bones- Longer than they are wide, Limb bones
Short bones- Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle), Sesamoid bones form within tendons (patella), Vary in size and number in different individuals
Flat bones- Thin, flat, slightly curved, Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
Irregular bones- Complicated shapes, Vertebrae and hip bones
Anatomy of the long bone
Red bone marrow- found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone
Periosteum- white double- layered membrane that covers external surfaces expect joints
Diaphysis- tubular shaft that forms long axis of bones
Epiphyses- ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internal
Endosteum-0 delicate CT membrane covering internal bone surface
Microscopic anatomy of
bone tissue
5 major cell types
Osteoclasts- multinucleate cells that function in bone resorption (breakdown), located in depressions called resorption bays
Osteogenic- Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
Osteoblasts- Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
Osteocytes- Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide, Maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors
Bone-lining cells- Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix
Bone remodeling
Bone Deposit- New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone Resorption- function of osteoclasts
Remodeling units- packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
Bone fracture repair- reduction
Immobilization of bone by
cast or traction is needed for healing
Hematoma formation- Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted bloodcalled a hematoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- Capillaries grow into hematoma, Fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
Bony callus formation- new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus, callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone
4.
Joints (articulations)
Functional
Fibrous (joined by dense fibrous connective tissue)
Sutures- Interlocking joints of skull, synostoses, suture line
Syndesmoses- Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue, inferior tibiofibular joint, interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna
Gomphoses- Peg-in-socket joints, teeth in alveolar sockets, periodontal ligament (holds tooth in socket)
Cartilaginous (united by cartilage)
Symphyses- Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint, amphiarthrotic, Intervertebral joints
Synchondroses- Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones, synarthrotic, Temporary epiphyseal plate joints
Synovial
Articular cartilage- consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones
Joint (synovial) cavity- small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
Synovial fluid: viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
Different types of reinforcing ligaments
Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
Extracapsular: outside the capsule
Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
Nerves and blood vessels- Nerves detect pain; monitor joint position and stretch, Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
Articular (joint) capsule: two layers thick
External fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue
Inner synovial membrane: loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
Fatty Pads- for cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone
Articular discs (menisci)- Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve “fit” of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
Structural
Synarthroses- immovable joints
Amphiarthroses- slightly movable joints
Diarthroses- freely movable joints
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Angular- Increase or decrease angle
between two bones
Flexion- decreases the angle of the joint
Extension- increases the angle of the joint
Hyperextension- movement beyond the anatomical position
Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
Adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
Circumduction- Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb, bone 1 stays still
Rotation- turning of bone around its
own long axis, toward midline or away from it
Medial- rotation toward midline
Lateral- rotation away from midline
Gliding- One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface (Intercarpal/tarsal joints)
Special
Supination- palms face anteriorly
Pronation- palms face posteriorly
Dorsiflexion- bending foot toward shin
Plantar flexion- pointing toes
Inversion- sole of foot faces medially
Eversion- sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction- mandible juts out
Retraction- mandible is pulled toward neck
Elevation- lifting body part superiorly
Depression- lowering body part
Opposition- movement of thumb
Differences between male
and female skeleton
Pelvis
Inlet- male = heart-shaped, female = larger/oval shaped
Pubic Arch- male = smaller (70 deg), female wider (90-100 deg)
Function- Male = body building, Female = childbearing
Disorders/diseases
Osteoarthritis- Protective cartilage at ends of bone wear down, Common in females and older age
Osteogensis Imperfecta- Genetic disorder that causes brittle bones, seen in congenital mutation, frequent fractures
Osteosarcoma- Malignant bone tumor, common age 15 hereditary
Osteomyelitis- infection in bone, primarily staphylococcus, possible risk from puncture infection
Paget's disease- metabolic bone disease affecting the breakdown and rebuilding of bone, cause unknown, hereditary