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Priscilla Anzaldo P2 Skeletal - Coggle Diagram
Priscilla Anzaldo P2 Skeletal
names of bones
skull
parietal
frontal
occipital
nasal
vomer
lacrimal
zygomatic
mandible
maxillary
middle nasal conchae
trunk
cervical vertebrae
hyoid
atlas
axis
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
lumbar vertebrae
saccrum
coccyx
coxal
arms
scapula
clavicle
humerus
ulna
radius
hands
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
legs
femur
tibia
fibula
patella
tallus
feet
tarsals
calcaneous
metatarsals
phalanges
types of bones
divided in 2 groups based on location
Axial
long axis of body
ex: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Appendicular
bones of upper/ lower extremity
ex: limbs
classified by shape
long bones
limb bones
short bones
cube shaped bones that vary in size and number depending on person
flat bones
thin, flat, slightly curved
sternum, scapula, ribs, most of skull bones
irregular bones
complicated shapes
vertebrae and hip bones
compact bone
dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
spongy bone
made up of a honeycomb of small needle- like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae
anatomy of long bone
Diaphysis: tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
Epiphyses: ends of long bone that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
Periosteum: white double- layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
Endosteum: delicate CT membrane covering internal bone surface
red bone marrow: found withing trabecular cavities of spongy bone
microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
5 major cell types
Osteogenic Cells
mitotically active stem cells in periostem and endosteum
Osteoblasts
mitotic bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid)
Osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacune, no longer divide
maintain bone matrix and act as a stress/ strain sensor
communicate info to osteoblasts and oseteoclasts
Bone Lining Cells
flat cells on bone surfaces to also help matrix along with osteocytes
Osteoclasts
multinucleated cells that function in bone resorption (breakdown)
located in depressions called resorption bays when active
bone remodeling
consists of bone deposit and bone resorption
occurs at surfaces of endosteum and periosteum
remodeling units
: packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts that coordinate remodeling process
Bone deposit
: new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
bone fracture repair
3 fracture classifications
position of bone ends after fracture
nondisplaced
: ends retain normal position
displaced
: ends are out of normal alignment
completeness of break
complete:
broken all the way through
incomplete
: not broken all the way through
skin penetration
open (composed)
: skin is penetrated
closed (simple)
: skin is not penetrated
fracture treatment and repair
treatment
closed reduction
: physician manipulates to correct position
open reduction
: surgical pins or wires secure ends
repair
4 major stages of repair
Hematoma formation
torn blood vessels hemorrage, forming mass of clotted blood
fibrocartilaginous callus formation
capillaries grow into hematoma
fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends
bony callus formation
in 1 week, new trabeculae appears in fibrocatinagenous callus
callus is converted to to bony/hard callus of spongy bone
bone remodeling
begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months
compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
joints
2 classifications of joints
structural
fibrous
3 types of fibrous joints
sutures
joint held together with very short interconnecting fibers and bone edges interlock
found only in skull
immovable joints join skull into one unit that protects the brain
closed immovable sutures called synostoses
syndesmoses
bones are connected by ligaments, band of fibrous tissue
fiber length varies so movement varies
gomphoses
peg in socket joints
ex: teeth
cartilaginous
2 types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses
bones united by hyaline cartilage
most are synarthrotic (immovable)
ex: temporary epiphyseal plate
symphyses
bones united by fibrocartilage in symphysis joint
strong amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable)
ex: intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis
synovial
6 general features
articular cartilage
: consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones to prevent bone crushing
joint synovial cavity
: small, fluid- filled potential space unique to synovial joints
articular joint capsule
: two layers thick with an external fibrous layer that contains dense irregular CT and an inner synovial membrane with loose CT
synovial fluid
: viscous, slippery, filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid that lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
different types of reinforcement ligaments
capsular
: thickened part of fibrous layer
extracapsular
: outside the capsule
intracapsular
: deep to capsule, covered by synovial membrane
nerves and blood vessels
: nerves detect pain, monitor joint position, and stretch
other features
fatty pads
for cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone
articular discs (menisci)
fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve "fit" of bone ends, stabilize joint, and reduce wear and tear
bursae and tendon sheaths
bursae
: reduce friction where ligaments. muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
tendon sheaths
: elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
types of synovial joints
plane
: intercarpal joints
hinge
: elbow joints
pivot:
radioulnar joint
condylar
: knuckle joints, wrist
saddle
: carpometacarpal joints of thumb
ball-and-socket
: shoulder/ hip joints
functional
synarthroses
: immovable joints
amphiarthroses
: slightly moveable joints
diarthroses
: freely moveable joints
movements allowed by synovial joints
origin
: attachment to immovable joint
insertion
: attachment to movable bone range of motion allowed by synovial joints
non axial
: slipping movement
uniaxial
: movement in 1 plane
biaxial
: movement in 2 planes
multiaxial
: movement in or around all 3 planes
3 general types of movement
gliding
: sliding the flat surfaces of 2 bones across each other
angular movement
flexion
: decreasing the angle between 2 bones primarily in sagittal plane
abduction
: moving a limb away from the body midline in frontal plane
adduction
: moving a limb toward the body midline in frontal plane
circumduction
: moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
roatation
medial rotation
: rotating toward the median plane
lateral rotation
: rotating away from the median plane
rotation
: turning a bone around its longitudinal axis
special movements
supination
: palms face anteriorly
pronation
: palms face posteriorly
dorsiflexion
: bending foot toward shin
plantar flexion
: pointing toes
inversion
: sole of foot faces medially
eversion
: sole of foot faces laterally
protraction
: mandible juts out
retraction
: mandible is pulled back
elevation
: lifting body part superiorly
depression
: lowering body part
opposition
: movement of thumb
male vs female skeleton
male
sacrum is long, narrow, and straighter
coccyx is projected inwards and immovable
pelvis inlet is heart shaped
female
sacrum is shorter, wider, and slightly curved
coccyx is flexible and straighter
pelvic inlet is oval shaped
bone disorders/ diseases
3 major bone diseases
Osteomalacia/ Rickets
poorly mineralized bones making the bones soft and weak
osteoid is produced but calcium salts not adequately deposited
pain when bearing weight
results in bowed legs or other deformities due to enlarged and long bone ends
caused by a vitamin D deficiency or calcium deficiency
Osteoporosis
a group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit
matrix remains normal, bone mass declines
spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible
risk factors
affects 30% of women from 60-70 years old and 70% of women by age 80
when estrogen lvels drop at menopause, bone is less dense
men are less prone due to protection by the effects of testosterone
treatment
calcium
vitamin D supplements
weight- bearing exercise
hormone replacement therapy
Paget's Disease
excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly
high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization
usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
treatment includes calcitonin and bisphosphonates