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Alexia Avalos Period: 1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Alexia Avalos
Period: 1
Skeletal System
Disorders & Diseases
Ostegogensis Imperfecta
Description:
Odd Position
Causes:
Congenital mutation, Frequent fractures, deafness
Symptoms
: Blue Sclera, Micrognathia, Muscle weakness
Treatment
: Uncurable, Bone marrow transplant, Prescription for bone density
Osteosarcoma
Description
: Huge Bump
Causes:
Age, Heredity, Possible linkage to flurdated water
Symptons:
Bone Fracture, Bone Pain, tenderness
Treatment:
Surgery, Radiation, Limb amputation
Osteoarthritis
Description
: Wrinkly & Vein
Causes
: Older age, Joint injuries, Obesity
Symptoms:
Tenderness, pain, bone spurs
Treatment:
Over-time counter, surgery, Prescriptions
Paget's Disease
Description:
Moldy, Bumpy
Causes:
Exact cause is unknown, hereditary, Possible viral infection
Symtoms:
Bone Pain Dependanton location, Hip Pain in Pelvis, Tingling & numbness in spine
Treatment:
Medications, Surgery, Joint replacement
Osteomyelitis
Description:
Green Substance, Bumpy, Red
Causes:
Puncture infection, Direct contamination, circulatory disorders
Symptoms:
Chills, fever irritability
Treatment:
Amputation, Surgical drainage, antibiotics
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Flexion
Bending portions at joints, so angle between them decreases
Extension
Straightening parts at joint, so angle between them increases
Lateral Flexion
bending the head, neck, trunk, to side
Hyper extension
Straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Abduction
Moving body parts away from midline
Adduction
Moving body part toward the midline
Dorsiflexion
Ankle movement that brings foot closer to shin
Plantar Flexion
Ankle movement that moves foot farther from skin, points toes
Rotation
movement of part an axis
Circomduction
Movement of part so it ends follows circular path
Pronation
Rotation of forearm so palm is facing downward or posterior
Supination
Rotation of forearm so palm face upward or anterior
Inversion
turn of sole of foot medially
Eversion
Turn sole of foot laterally
Protaction
Body movement forward
Retraction
Body movement backward
Elevation
Raising a part of body
Depression
Lowering a part of body
Types of Bones
Long
Arm
Femur
Leg bones
Flat
RIbs
Scapula
Flattened skull bones
Irregular
Vertebrae
Facial Bones
Short
Patella
Carpals
Tarsals
Differences between Male & Female Skeleton
Male
Pubic angle
of their Pelvic Girdle is much
narrow
The size of their pubic outlet of their Pelvic Girdle is
small
Female
Pubic angle
of their Pelvic Girdle is much
more wider
The
size
of their outlet of their Pelvic Girdle is much
bigger
due to
reproduction
Names of all of the Bones
Cranial (Skull)
Zygomatic
Cheek bone
Maxiallry
Upper jaw portion
Frontal Bone
Forehead portion of the skull
Partietal Bone
Portion between the frontal and occipital bone
Occipital Bone
Back of the Skull
Mandilable
Lower portion of the jaw
Nasal
Nose bone
Sphenoid
On the side of the skull
Temporal Bone
Side of the skull
Palatine
Underneath the jaw
Vomer Bone
bone within the nose
Pectoral Girdle
Scapula
; shoulder
Clavicle
; collar bone
Pelvic Girdle
Sacrum
; sacral spine
Coccyx
; tail bone
Coxal
; hip bone
Appendicular
Upper Limbs
Humerus; arm
Ulna; forearm
Radius; lower arm bone
Carpals; wrist bones
Metacarpals; midhand bones
Phalanges; fingers
Lower Limbs
Femur; thigh bone
Patella knee bone
Tibia; shin
Fibula; calf bone
Tarsals; ankle bone
Metatarsals; Midfoot bones
Phalanges; toes
Axial
Hyoid Bone
; tongue bone
Vertebrae column;
spinal cord
Bone Remodeling
Intramembranous Bones
Broad, flat bones of the
skull
Stem cells differentiatie into
osteoblats
; bone forming cells
Osteoblasts
desposit bony matrix around themsleves; form of
Spongy Bone
Osteoblasts
encased themselves with the matrix:
Osteocytes
.
Endochondral Bones
Cartilage
first broken down in
Diaphysis
and progessively replaced with bone, while
periosteum
develops outside
Epiphyseal Plate
remains between
Epiphysis & Diaphysis
Layers of
Cartilage
Cells undergo mitosis make up
epiphyseal plate
Osteoclasts
are bone resorbing
Osteoblasts
are bone building
Joints
Fibrous Joint
Most
immovable
such as sutures of skull
Some slightly
movable
like joints between
distal tibia
and
fibula
Cartilaginous Joint
Connected by
Hyaline/Fibrocartilage tissues
Intervertebral discs
between vertebrae help absorb
shock
&
slightly movable
Pubic symphysis
&
first rib
with the
sternum
Synovial Joint
Disrthortic
( free movement)
Hyaline Cartilage
Joint Capsule
& inner layer called
Synovial membrane
Synovial membrane
produces
synovial fluid
to
lubricate
joints
Shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage,
Menisci
Bursae
aid movement of tendons as side over bone
Classified as
shape
of their parts & movements they allow
Synovial Joints Classification
Ball and socket
Widest of motion; movement in all planes
Shoulder & Hip joints
Condylar Joint
back and fourth and side to side movements in 2 planes
Joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Plane Joint
Sliding or twisting movement
Joints of wrist and ankle; between vertebrae & sacroillac joints
Hinge Joint
Movement in 1 plane
Elbow and Joints between phalanges
Pivot Joint
Only rotation around central axis (unaxial)
Joint between dens of axis and atlas
Saddle Joint
Variety of movements in 2 Planes
Joint between trapezium(carpal) & metacarpal of thumb
Anatomy of the Long Bone
2 Layers
Diaphysis
; Shaft of the bone
Epiphysis
; expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent
Compact Bone
; makes up the wall of the Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
; Hollow Chamber
Spongy Bone
; ends within the long bone & reduces weight of skeleton
Periostuem
;membrane of blood vessels
Endosteum
; lining of the inner surface of the long bone
Epiphysis
line
; epiphyseal plate
Yellow Bone Marrow
; stores fat & occupies cavities of bone
Bone Fracture Repair
Transverse Fracture
Come right angle break
Obilque fracture
Break at an angle
Sprial Fracture
Excessive twisting of bone
Greenstick Fracture
Incomplete break
Fissured Fracture
Incomplete longitudinal break
Commuted Fracture
Complete & fragments break
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Lacunae
is in concentric circles of matrix in compact bone
Osteocytes
pass nutrients & gases through matrix (tiny canals);
Canalculi
Extracellular
Matrix
consists of collagen & inorganic salts in the bone
Collagen
makes strength & resilience
Inorganic
salts
makes hardness & resistance to crushing
Osteocytes
&
Extracelluar
Matrix
layers are organized into
Osteons
that cement together
Central
Canals
extend longitudinally through bone tissue and interconnect by transverse perforating
(Volkman's) canals
Vokmann
canals
help
osteons
share blood supply & nerves
Spongy
Bone
is made of
osteocytes
&
extracellur matrix
within
tabeculae