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Cancer - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stable - those that would replicate but not always
      - Labile - continuously replicating
      - Permanent cells: not have the potential to replicate
    - - Activators
        
        Cyclins
        
        CDKs
      - Inhibitors
        
        CDK inhibitors dleay cell cylce pregression at G1 to S, G2 to M
        
        Detected damage
    - - Increae cellular glucose and glumatime
      - Increased glycolysis
      - Decreased oxidative phosphorylation
  - - - Mainteance of baseline stem cells
    - - Differentiation pathway
  - - - Necrosis
        
        Inflammation
        
        Enzymatic digestion of cells
      - Aptosis
        
        Can be pathologic but often physiologic
    - - Damage to mitochondira
        
        Increased ROS
      - Entry of calcium
      - Damge to membranes
      - Protein misfolding and DNA damage
        
        Pro-apoptotic proteins
    - - Proto-oncogenes
      - Oncogene (gain of function)
      - Tumour suppressor genes (loss of function) of those that inhibit proliferation
  - - - Blood vessels
        
        Dilation of capilary
        
        Increased permability
        
        Expression of adhesion molecules
        
        Endothilial cells contract in resposne to histamine
      - Leukocytes
        
        Ingest microbes dead cells, foreing material
    - - Misdirected: against self-antigens
      - Exaggerated: against normally harmless env agens (allergies)
      - Uncontrolled: anaphyxasis
  - - - Ephitlia, GI tract
      - Mechanism
        
        Proliferation of stem cells
        
        Activation of macrophages, stormal, and epithelial cells
      - Blood vessel restructuring
        
        Endothlial cells
        
        Activated State
        
        Procduces cytokines and chemokines, growth factors, procoagulatn, and anticoagulant factors
        
        Normal State
        
        Vascular injury
        
        Endotheilail cells
        
        Smooth muscle cells
    - - Neurons
      - Myocates
      - Mechanism
        
        1.Angiogenesis: new blood vessel
        
        Granulation tissue formation
        
        Connective tissue remodelling
  - - - Myocardial Infarction
      - Cerebral infarction
      - Aortic aneurysm
      - Peripheral vasuclar disease
  - - - Artherosclerosis
      - Cardiac hypertrophy
      - Multi-infarct dementia
      - Aortic Dissection
      - Renal failure
    - - Accelerates artheroslerotic plaque formation
      - Causes degenratie changes in arteriy wallls large and medium
- - - - Age
      - sex
      - Ethnicity
      - Geography
      - Genetics
      - Precursor lesions
      - Repro History
    - - Smoking
      - Obesity
      - Physical Activity
      - Diet
      - Alcohol consumption
      - Injection Drug Use
      - Sexual history
      - tanning beds
- - - - Normal --> Hyperplasia --> Dysplasia --> Cancer