Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Sensation and Proception - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Gathering light
        
        Distal stimulus
        object exists in the environment
        Proximal stimulus
        on the retina--->is inverted
        
        Lightwave——Cornea（角膜，特点是透明transparent）—— pupil（瞳孔，由虹膜iris来控制大小。亮的地方瞳孔小，黑的地方变大）——lens（晶状体，根据物体和自己的远近来调节形状，近视眼晶状体调节能力很弱）——retina（视网膜，物体倒相呈在视网膜上）
        Transduction：物理信号-->电化学信号
        
        wavelength--hue
        Intensity（brightness）--amplitude
      - within the eyes
        
        cornea (protective covering and helps focus the light)
        --->pupil (like the shutter of a camera)---> lens（the image is inverted）--->inverted image projects on the retina (like a screen on the back of your eye)--->specialized neurons
      - Transduction
        
        stimuli into neural signals
        
        retina:
        Cones——activated by color在中心
        Fovea——center of the retina, 含有最高浓度的cones
        Rods——respond to black and white数多
        
        有足够多的 rods and cones被激活--->bipolar cells--->ganglion cells(神经节细胞，他们的axon组成了视神经网optic nerve) --->the optic nerve--->thalamus, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)（最后信号传递到丘脑）--->optic nurve-->occipital lobes (完成图形信息,feature detector)
        
        blind spot--位置：视神经头部
        
        Optic chiasm
        
        optic nerves(axons of ganglion cells) cross each other
      - in the brain
        
        Serial processing
        (computes information step by step)一次只能看一个
        Parallel processing
        (multiple pieces of information simultaneously看到的是动态多维的)
      - Trichromatic theory三原色原理
        
        Opponent-process theory
        
        the sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in pairs
        If one sensor is stimulated, its pair is inhibited被抑制 from firing.
        
        Color afterimage
        
        一直盯着一个颜色，再看白色，会有上一个颜色的残像
        
        Color blindness
        
        一个人少了一对颜色
        
        blue, red and green
        
        Limitation: cannot explain---->
        
        afterimages
        
        color blindness
        
        Dichromatic
        
        Monochromatic
    - - frequency--pitch
        Amplitude--loudness
      - Hearing Process
        
        外：Sound --->outer ear (or pinna)--->ear canal (also called auditory canal)(声道) --->eardrum or tympanic membrane(鼓膜)
        中：--->hammer (malleus)(锤骨)--->anvil (incus)(砧骨)--->stirrup (or stapes)(镫骨)
        内：--->the oval window(卵圆窗)--->cochlea(耳蜗) --->hair cells(听毛细胞)
        
        Pitch Theory 音高理论
        
        Frequency theory 频率理论
        
        the hair cells fire at different rates(frequencies) in the cochlea
        
        Place theory 位置理论
        
        hair cells move in different places in the cochlea
      - Deafness
        
        Conduction deafness 传导性耳聋---结构性损坏--可以被修复
        
        Nerve (sensorineural) deafness 神经性耳聋---听毛细胞不再生
    - - Gate-control theory 闸门控制理论 ---pain!!!
  - - - papillae上有taste buds
      - sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami（鲜）没有辣！！
    - - Smells trigger memories: amygdala and hippocampus connect to olfactory nerves
    - - a sense impression<--->another sense
        involuntary, consistent
        比如看到数字能有味觉被刺激，但是特定的数字只会刺激一种味道，不会变
  - - - How our body is oriented in space; balance
        如果没有：Dizziness and nauseous reaction
    - - Gives us the feedback about the position and orientation of specific body parts
  - - - constant stimulation--->decreasing responsiveness to stimuli touch
        Example: 适应darkness, temperature (swimming pool), smell
    - - 核心：转移注意力
        noise不再刺耳--attention不在上面了
    - - a change in the stimulus--->causes notice it again
    - - Filter theory
        
        Stimuli must pass through something
      - Attentional resource theories
        
        fixed amount of attention, can be divided
      - Selective attention
        
        aware of 1, ignore others
        
        cocktail party phenomenon
        when people hear someone tell their name, people will involuntarily attend to stimuli
- - - - The smallest amount of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time
    - - Stimuli below our absolute threshold
      - something that people are not consciously aware of but may be remembered due to constant repetition人们没有意识到，但由于不断的重复可能会记住的东西
    - - Weber’s Law
        
        刺激越强烈，改变越多
        
        在鸡汤中加入少量的辣椒，你就会注意到区别
        而在五级辣椒中，你需要添加更多的辣椒
        
        差别阈值与刺激物本身的强度成正比
        
        每一种感觉根据一个常数而变化
        听--5%
        看--8%
      - The smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus
      - 差别阈值越小--越能觉察到变化
  - - - emotion
      - perceptual set心理预设
  - - - 我们通常将图像视为群体，而不是孤立的元素
        这个过程是先天的，不可避免的
      - proximity（near）
      - similarity
      - continuity
      - closure--倾向于看到封闭的物体
    - - shape
      - brightness
      - size
      - stimulus remain in same
  - - - Relative size cue
        
        利用大小，近大远小
      - Interposition cue
        
        遮挡别人的更近
        被挡住的远
      - Texture gradient
        
        details
        多，清楚-->近
      - Shadowing
        
        根据光影看到物体的立体度
      - Relative Motion 相对运动
        
        Motion parallax 运动视差--我们动，近的动的更快
      - Linear perspective 透视法
        
        宽的离自己近
        汇聚的方向离我们更远
    - - binocular disparity
        
        开车
        
        If the object is far away, the images will be similar
        your brain compares images and computes the distance
        
        3D电影
        
        The closer, the more disparity there will be
      - convergence
        
        object gets closer to our face, our eyes must move toward each other 斗鸡眼
  - - - 以为有，实际没有（认错人了）
    - - 有的东西忽略了