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PUNCTUATION - Coggle Diagram
PUNCTUATION
PARENTHESES ( )
It is used to provide additional information, which could be a word, phrase, clause, or even sentence. The information could be a brief explanation, minor comment, addition, or simply a passing comment.
The two brothers(Richard and Ricky) were learning to play the piano
If the parenthetical remark ends the sentences, the punctuation goes after the closing parenthesis.
My dad gave me a gift(a toy car).
Use punctuation marks inside the parenthetical remark only if needed.
The teachers finished their meeting early. (It is earlier than the usual.)
COLON ( : )
Use colon to introduce items on a list.
I only wan to do things today: Eat, Sleep, and Play
Use colon between two independent clauses when the second clause explains or illustrates the first.
Life is like a roller coaster: sometimes up and sometimes down
Use colon to emphasize a word or phrase at the end of the sentence.
I knew we're richard are: in a concert
HISTORY
It is discovered by Aristophanes. known in English as “pointing” from the 15th-18th century. first recorded in the middle of the 16th century. derived from the Latin punctus, meaning “point”. Early usage of punctuation was in the 3rd century BC. first punctuations used were dots to indicate types of pause and full stop.
how first punctuation used
A dot at the bottom suggested a short pause like a comma. A dot in the middle was for an intermediate pause or colon. Dot on top was for a full stop like a period.
PERIOD (.)
called the full stop. It marks the end of a declarative sentence or a statement that expresses a complete thought. It shows the separation of a sentence to other sentences in a paragraph.
Example: The government always reminds the public to follow health protocols to avoid the spread of COVID-19 virus.
In Titles
If the title of a work is found at the end of the sentence and contains a punctuation mark, it is retained and there is no need to add a period at the end of the sentence.
Example: My daughter’s favorite children’s book is
Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?
If the title is placed inside quotation marks, the punctuation is placed before the end quotation.
Example: One of my favorite books for a read aloud activity is a book by Harry Allard,
“Miss Nelson is Missing!”
In Abbreviations
Do not use a period at the end of sentence if the last item refers to an abbreviation with a period.
Example: Different programs to help the different sectors is being spearheaded by the Felix Y. Manalo Foundation
Inc.
In Parentheses
If the word or phrase enclosed in parentheses is placed at the end of the sentence, the period is placed after the closing parenthesis.
Example: The leading government agency for queries and information about COVID-19 is the
Department of Health (DOH).
If the parenthetical is a sentence, the period is placed inside the quotation.
The Department of Education is doing its best to prepare the system for the new normal in schooling.
(Let us appreciate their efforts.)
In Quotations
If a sentence is ending with a quoted text, the period is placed inside the quoted text.
The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) warns,
“The public should be vigilant about fake contact tracers.”
If the quoted text in the sentence ends with a question mark or exclamation point, there is no need for a period.
The students exclaim,
“We are ready teacher!”
APOSTROPHE (‘)
Use to show possession
Example: Jon's collection of books are massive
Use to indicate contractions
Example: would've
MEANING
by Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
the act or practice of inserting standardized marks or signs in a written matter to clarify the meaning and separate structural units.
According to dictionary.com: punctuation is the practice or system of using certain conventional marks or characters in writing or printing in order to separate elements and make the meaning clear, as in ending a sentence or separating clauses.
COMMA (,)
Indicates a short break or pause. It is also a punctuation that separates parts of a sentence to convey clearer meanings.
The Oxford Comma or Serial Comma: to assure clarity especially when the coordinating conjunction is used as a part of the item in the list.
My interests revolve around the study of Biology, Earth and Natural Science, and Chemistry.
Use comma to separate items in a series.
Do not touch the
mouth, eyes, and nose
too often to avoid the transfer of germs and microbes from our hands. (series of words)
Use comma to separate introductory phrase or clause from the main sentence.
When quarantine measures were implemented
,
many people had a hard time getting used to the new normal.
Use comma to set off non-restrictive or non-essential information in the sentence.
Edgar Allan Poe’s first detective story
, The Murders in the Rue Morgue,
was published in 1841.
Use commas to separate two independent clauses in a sentence with coordinating conjunctions such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. (FANBOYS)
You can follow the health protocols implemented
, or
you can suffer from being infected with the COVID-19 virus.
SEMI-COLON (;)
This punctuation is stronger than a comma but weaker than the period or full stop. It also indicates a longer pause in the sentence.
It is used when the coordinating conjunctions is omitted in a sentence consisting of independent clauses.
It is used between independent clauses with transitional expressions (so, thus, for example, nevertheless, consequently, accordingly)
used in a sentence with a list that contains comma. This is to avoid confusion as how the items in the list are arranged or grouped.
Examples: Many people wanted to visit famous cities around the world like
Tokyo, Japan; Paris, France; and Seoul, South Korea.
Example: It is really hard to follow health protocols in the new normal
; nevertheless,
people need to follow them for their own protection against the virus.
Example: We practice social distancing as the new normal
;
we also find it a difficult thing to do especially in areas that tend to be crowded.
EXCLAMATION POINT (!)
originally called as “note of admiration.” This punctuation mark is used to express strong feeling or emotion. This used in exclamatory sentence.
Example:
Yey!
The school received several awards in a national competition
!
QUESTION MARK (?)
type of punctuation used in an interrogative sentence or direct question.
Example: What are the health measures that we need to follow in order to be safe from the COVID- 19 virus
?
ELLIPSIS (…)
set of three periods (…) indicates an omission. It is used to remove or omit a word, a phrase or a line usually on quoted texts. It is use to omit irrelevant or unimportant information from a certain text.
It is used to omit a portion of a text whether at the beginning, middle or at the end of it.
also used to express a trail of thought, a sense of hesitation, changes of mood or suspense.
Example: “Well I wanted to explain
…
uhmm
…
”
Example:
“… we voted against the franchise renewal, “
the spokesperson announced.
EM DASH (─)
the other type of dash which is used to set off words, phrases, or clauses. It can also indicate emphasis.
Example: Knowing the current numbers of confirmed cases
─
reaching more than 50,000
─
people should be more cooperative about health protocols.
EN DASH (−)
one of the two types of dashes. It is longer than a hyphen and shorter than an em-dash. It is used to specify a span or range of numbers.
one of the two types of dashes. It is longer than a hyphen and shorter than an em-dash. It is used to specify a span or range of numbers.