Definition: someone who leaves : their country to settle in another country. Example: People leaving Mexico to live in America. This makes them Emigrants to Mexico

Definition: someone who lives permanently in a foreign country. Example: People leaving Mexico to live in America. This makes them Immigrants to America

Definition: A person who leaves their country due to fear of prosecution due to their race, beliefs, or other qualities. Example: People are fleeing from Ukraine because of the war between Ukraine and Russia, making them refugees

Definition: A person uprooted in their country due to similar reasons of refugees, but has not crossed international borders. They are often referred to as refugees, but do not fit the legal requirements for a refugee. Example: People in Syria are fleeing areas with higher conflict (such as Aleppo), but not moving out of Syria.

Definition: An immigrant that has the proper records and identification for admission into a country Example: Someone who has a green card and has taken the oath of allegiance to become a U.S. citizen is a documented citizen in the U.S.

Definition: An immigrant who does not have the proper records and identification for admission into a country. Example: Someone who does not have a green card is an undocumented immigrant in the U.S.

Definition: Shelter provided by another country for refugees. Example: The U.S. is currently providing asylum for Ukrainian refugees by allowing them to stay and apply for work permits

Definition: Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe that is currently at war with Russia, who is trying to overtake and claim Ukraine. The capital is Kyiv, the president is Volodymyr Zelenskyy. I put Ukraine in the refugees category because due to the war between Russia and Ukraine, there are millions of refugees who are escaping Ukraine. As of now, there are currently 7.5 million Ukrainian refugees around the world, mostly in Europe.

Definition: Movement from one place to another. Can involve people, animals, products, and more.
Example: Europeans migrated from Europe to the newly founded America in the 1800s.

Definition: the process of making an area more urban. Example: Seoul, South Korea, is urbanizing by incorporating more public transportation, and creating more sustainable energy sources.

Definition: the process in which wealthy people move in to poor urban area, and attract new housing and businesses to the area, often displacing former residents in the process Example: In Mexcio city, an influx of Americans have been moving to the city, changing which businesses are more common, and even making the city a majority English-speaking place.

Definition: The basic physical and organizational layout of a city. Example: Infrastructure can include This can include roads, bridges, sewer systems, power lines, buildings, public recreational areas, etc, and how they are set up in the layout of the city

Definition: The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. Example: In Brazil, currently many people are migrating to cities because of the opportunities of city life

Definition: Vancouver is a major city in western Canada, located in the lower mainland region of British Colombia. It is one of Canada's most densely populated and ethnically diverse cities, and is a major Canadian seaport. I decided to put Vancouver in the gentrification category because if the intense gentrification Vancouver has gone through in the past 20 years. When the city was chosen to host the 2010 Olympics in 2003, Vancouver decided to economically redevelop to attract higher level businesses and tourists. This in turn hurt the low income residents and changed the culture of the neighborhood, which is a perfect example of gentrification.

Definition: redlining is a discriminatory strategy in which services are withheld from potential customers who live in neighborhoods classified as 'hazardous' to investment; these neighborhoods often have high numbers of racial and ethnic minorities, and low-income residents. I put redlining in the gentrification category because it is another way of separating and forcing out low income and racial minority groups out of neighborhoods to make way for wealthier ones. Example: People in redlined areas are often denied or given less access to credit, insurance, and healthcare.

Definition: Rural areas are those that are less densely settled than urban areas, and are mainly composed of farms. Example: Hinsdale County in Colorado is considered a rural area because of it's 0.8 people per square mile population density, and high amount of farming areas

Definition: Urban areas are those with a high population density, and high levels of planned infrastructure.
Example: Denver, Colorado is an urban area because of its 4,818 person per square mile population density, and vast infrastructure. (that is over 6,000 times the population density of Hinsdale County!)

Definition: Factors that pull people into moving into urban areas.
Example: Common examples of pull factors are more job opportunities, family ties, and excitement.

Definition: Factors that push people out of rural areas and into urban ones
Example: Common examples of push factors are less jobs, lack of healthcare, and lack of education

Definition: When more people from rural areas move to Urban ones for education opportunities, the people left in the rural areas are often not as intelligent or intellectually driven than ones who left, leaving behind a less intellectual community. I put this in relation rural to urban migration push and pull factors, is because it involves moving away from rural areas due to education opportunities elsewhere, which is a major part of both push and pull factors.

Definition: Urban planning is the process of developing and designing urban areas to meet the needs of a community.
Example: Urban planning includes zoning, analyzing land use, allocating healthcare and social services, determining the placement of buildings, streets, public facilities, as well as many of the aspects of infrastructure.

Definition: The Belt and Road initiative is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in nearly 150 countries and international organizations. The plan is to create two new trade routes connecting China and the rest of the world. I chose to put this in the infrastructure category because the plan is centered around addressing an infrastructure gap in the world.

Definition: Carrying capacity is the maximum amount of people an environment can handle at once. I included carrying capacity in the urban category because the carrying capacity of an area greatly affects infrastructure and urban planning because urban planners have to take carrying capacity into account in all the aspects of planning a city.

Definition: A city designed with consideration for social, economic, environmental impact, as well as ingenuity and using resources to their greatest potential.
Example: Copenhagen, Denmark is considered one of the most sustainable cities in the world because of it's large amount of bike paths, high sensitivity to climate change, energy efficient buildings, and more. I chose to put sustainable cities in the urban planning category due to the fact that creating a sustainable city requires a lot of careful and thoughtful urban planning.

Definition: Unplanned urban area that has been inhabited by people who create their own urban planning for the area. The term originated in Brazil.
Example: Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro is the largest favela in brazil. I put favelas in the urban planning category not only because they are characterized by the lack of urban planning, but because the people in them generate their own urban planning

Definition: The measurement of population per unit land area. Can be related to animals or other things, but in this context is related to people. Example: Boulder's population density is 4,200 people per square mile.

Definition: A city who's population is greater than 10 million people. Example: New York City, New York is considered a megacity due to it's 18.8 million person population

Definition: A city who's population is at least twice the population of the next largest city in that country.
Example: Paris, France is considered a primate city because its population of approximately 2.6 million people is more than twice that of it's second largest city, Marseille with a population of approximately 860,000 people.

Definition: How countries and people of the world interact and integrate.
Example: The silk road, an ancient trade route which transported goods and ideas from China to the West, allowed new places to interact and integrate with these goods and ideas.

Definition: the buying and selling of goods and services Example: An everyday example of trade would be trading a bag of pretzels with your friend for a piece of chocolate. On the other hand, a larger scale example of trade would be America exporting motor vehicles to China, and in return China exporting medical equipment to America.

Definition: All the steps involved in manufacturing and delivering a product or service when those steps take place in multiple countries.
Example: To make chocolate, cocoa beans are grown, harvested, and fermented in Cote d'Ivoire, but are processed and sold in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

Definition: A country's value of exports minus it's value of imports
Example: The U.S. currently has a trade balance of $67.1 billion, since it has $239 billion in exports, and $171 billion imports

Definition: Goods that one country sells and sends to another country
Example: common exports for the U.S. are cars, petroleum gas, and crude oil.

Definition: Goods that one country buys and receives form another country
Example: common imports for the U.S. are minerals, fuels, oil, medical equipment, and machinery.

Definition: Money put into a product or service to make a profit out of it at a later time. Capital is the money put into these investments by companies, or individuals. Example: A common type of investment are stocks, which are public shares of a company's money that people can buy, in hopes that the money will increase as the company makes more money so the buyer gets profit off of the stock.

Definition: The Ivory Coast, a country in Southwest Africa, is one of the world's largest producers of cocoa beans. I put this in the global supply chain category because of the multiple countries the cocoa has to pass through to become a final product of chocolate. Although the beans are grown on the ivory coast, they are processed, manufactured, and sold in Europe, Asia, and North and South America.

Definition: Fair trade is an arrangement designed to help producers in growing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships, by providing the people on the lower end of the supply chain with more of the profit the product they are producing makes. I put this in the Ivory Coast and Chocolate category because many chocolate companies have fair trade agreements to benefit cocoa farmers in the Ivory Coast.

Definition: A raw material that can be bought and sold.
Example: grains, gold, beef, oil, cocoa, and coffee are all examples of commodities.

Definition: When a country focuses on producing certain products which they trade for other goods, rather than producing all consumption goods on their own. Example: Ireland specializes in butter due to climate and a large amount of land suitable for dairy cows.

Definition: An economy's ability to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than its trading partners.
Example: China's has a comparative advantage with the United States in the form of cheap labor, because Chinese workers produce simple consumer goods at a much lower opportunity cost than the U.S.

Definition: The ability of an actor to produce more of a good or service than a competitor. Absolute advantage is different than comparative advantage because it involves producing more of a product rather than producing a product for lower opportunity cost.
Example: Many Central and South American nations have an absolute advantage in coffee production, because the climate of these countries is perfect for coffee production, making it easy and economical for them to produce more coffee.

Definition: A point of congestion or blockage for container ships through waterways meant for trade.
Example: The Strait of Hormuz is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman is a choke point because of the 15-30 ships that pass through the strait each day.

Definition: A ship that is designed to carry goods stowed in containers, that transports goods between countries. I put container ships in the global supply chain category since container ships are needed to transport goods between countries, and without container ships there would be no global supply chain.

Definition: Those who benefit from globalization. Example: Developing nations experience an improved standard of living due to globalization, through the introduction of new technology and ideas.

Definition: Those who do not benefit from globalization. Example: People with domestic jobs are disadvantaged by globalization because it promotes overseas manufacturing which can steal said domestic jobs. .

Definition: The process phasing out old technology, products, and services in favor of new developments in said areas. I put creative destruction in relation to both the winners and losers of globalization because not only does globalization cause creative destruction, but creative destruction also has it's pros and cons in similar ways to globalization.
Example: Tablets and kindles replacing conventional printed books is an example of creative destruction.

Definition: when the demand for a resource is greater than the supply of that resource, and a country cannot support the needs of its people by itself. Example: A widely known example of resource scarcity impacting the United States is that of oil, because of global oil prices increasing. I included scarcity in the global supply chain category because scarcity impacts the global supply chain because if a country is lacking in a certain product, that can disrupt the global supply chain for that product