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Movement in Geography, image - Coggle Diagram
Movement in Geography
Migration
Immigration- A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country they were not born in. Many people leave their home country for economic, political, religious and academic opportunities or freedoms they can only attain in their new country. Many Russian men immigrated to neighboring countries to avoid being drafted and forced to fight against Ukrainians this year.
Refugee- Forced to leave their own country to escape war, persecution, or natural disasters. Half of Syria's total population has forcibly been displaced since their civil war began in 2011. Since 2008 21.5 million people have been forcibly displaced by weather-related events from flooding, storms and extreme temperatures.
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Internally displaced person- someone forced to leave their own home but remains within the country's borders. Examples include human rights abuses, religious and political conflicts, and environmental disasters. Close to 32 million Pakistanis were internally displaced after historic flooding since June 2022. They moved to temporary camps with limited access to clean water, medical supplies and food.
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Undocumented Immigrant- a foreign born person who doesn't have a legal right to be or remain in a country. An example of this is people that attempt to illegally cross into or stay in the United States, desperate to have an easier life or escape unsafe circumstances.
Emigrant- A person who leaves their own country. An example is leaving your own country due to refugee circumstances or finding new opportunities in other countries like many Mexicans and Europeans emigrating to the United States.
Asylum- the protection granted by a nation to someone like a refugee. It is a special status given to a refugee by the nation they are seeking asylum in. Asylum-seekers leave their country due to violence, war, and hunger. Their safety and life are at risk and they cannot trust their government to protect them. Seeking asylum is a human right and people should be allowed to enter another country to seek asylum. The US has many asylum seekers from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador fleeing gang violence.
Ukraine- A country in Eastern Europe. Russia invaded Ukraine which caused over 7 million refugees and emigrants to escape from Ukraine. There has also been many refugees escaping a draft from Russia.
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Urbanization
Urban- Urban refers to a community with a high population density and lots of infrastructure. Cities and urban towns are created through urbanization.
Infrastructure- the basic physical and organizational structure of a society. Infrastructure includes schools, hospitals, roads, transportation systems, and more. Infrastructure is a major components of cities and something that urban planners must take into consideration.
Urban Planning- Urban planning maps out infrastructure and the organization of cities and how people in the cities will live. Urban planners are in charge of planning infrastructure and logistics for how a city will be organized and work.
Redlining- redlining is when loans or insurance is not accessible to people in certain neighborhoods. Redlining is a big problem that makes it so underdeveloped areas do not have the resources to develop.
Gentrification- gentrification is when a part of a city is changed to improve the quality of life and economy there. During this process though, many poorer former residents get displaced which makes this idea of gentrification a controversial topic.
Vancouver, Canada- Vancouver is a city in the south west part of Canada that has experienced gentrification. A part of Vancouver called Woodward was a historic town previously inhabited by generally poorer residents. The increase of upper class housing and restaurants made the town more attracting for tourists but drove out lower income citizens who could no longer afford to live there.
Sustainable Cities- are cities with goals in being sustainable and have a focus in their environmental impact. They typically need more advanced infrastructure and urban planning to be able to meet these goals.
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Population Density- Population density is the number of people per square mile or kilometer in a city. Urban areas have a higher population density than rural areas making it necessary for more urban planning and infrastructure in order to support their inhabitants.
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Mega City- A mega city is with a population of more than 10 million people. Some examples of mega cities are Tokyo, Mexico City, and Shanghai. Due to the high populations of mega cities, they typically have high population densities as well and require advanced urban planning and infrastructure.
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Primate City- A primate city is a city whose population is at least twice that of the population of the second largest city in that country. Some examples of primate cities are Tokyo, Buenos Aires, and Paris. With having a large population density compared to other cities in that country, primate cities are typically the political, cultural, and economic centers of a country.
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Carrying Capacity- Carrying Capacity is the number of people an environment can support. With a higher population density, cities must plan infrastructure to support that number of people in order to have a high carrying capacity.
Favela- A Favela is an unplanned city/community that lacks formal urban planning. This term is most commonly used for areas in Rio de Janero that develoed without government. Favelas are a great example of resourcefulness but due to the lack of government, can become very dangerous.
Rural- land and populations living outside of an urban area. Rural areas typically include the countryside and have economies built on agriculture. They also require less infrastructure and urban planning compared to Urban areas due to the smaller population density
Rural to Urban Migration Push Factors- Push factors are the negative things about rural areas that make people move from there. Examples of push factors include lack of jobs, lack of health care, and lack of educational opportunities.
Rural to Urban Migration Pull Factors- Pull factors are the positive things about urban areas that cause people to move there. Examples for pull factors are the job opportunities, family ties, and the excitement of a city for young people.
Brain drain- Brain drain is when smart and successful people leave urban areas so no one is left in those areas to have high position jobs. Brain drain is most common in rural areas but can occur between countries/worldwide as well.
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Globalization/Trade
Globalization-
-How countries and people of the world interact and integrate.
-Trade allows these different countries and people to interact, making it a big part of globalization.
Global Supply Chain- the process when the manufacturing of a product involves multiple countries. For example, a product like chocolate could be made from raw materials in the Ivory Coast, manufactured in Europe, and sold in America.
Ivory Coast and Chocolate- The Ivory Coast has the natural resources to produce chocolate but are not making enough money to sustain their communities. This situation connects to global supply chain because they rely on other countries for the production of their product, but only make a small percentage of the profit.
Fair trade- fair trade is a process that supplies farmers with a minimum price they will be paid in addition to a premium to help their communities. Fair trade has the potential to help many farmers in the Ivory Coast, but only 8% of farmers earn these fair trade prices.
Commodity- a commodity is a raw/natural resource or material that is bought and sold. Chocolate is the Ivory Coast is a commodity, with the farmers selling the raw cocoa beans to be manufactured somewhere else.
Specialization- specialization in globalization is when countries focus on what they can produce best and trade it. This connects to the global supply chain because with different countries specializing in something, multiple countries are involved in the production of a good.
Balance of Trade- balance of trade is the difference between the number of exports and the number of imports a country has. If a country has a larger number of exports than imports, it is considered a positive/favorable balance of trade. If a country has a larger number of imports than exports, it is considered an unfavorable balance of trade.
Imports- Imports are the goods or services that a country receives. The number of imports will help contribute to determine whether a countries balance of trade is positive or negative.
Exports- Exports are the goods or services sent from a country to another country. The number of exports will help to contribute to determine whether a countries balance of trade is positive or negative.
Choke point- A choke point is a narrow passage in water where global trade is made possible. They serve as efficient routes to connect countries for the global supply chain. An example of a choke point is the Panama Canal, which many different countries use to participate in global trade.
Container Ship- A container ship is a larger boat that is capable of transporting goods around the world. Many container ships will pass through a choke point to carry out its journey in transporting goods. 
Comparative Advantage- is when countries specialize in what they are comparatively better at doing. This determines what countries will contribute what to the global supply chain.
Scarcity- scarcity is when a single country can't meet the needs of citizens alone and when stuff is in short supply. Comparative advantage makes countries only produce what they are best at producing, making it possible for some products to become scarce.
Losers from globalization- The losers of globalization are those who are negatively affected by their economic affairs with other countries. Those who are loser from globalization may experience domestic job loss, loss of economic independence, and increased political tensions.
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Winners from globalization- those who receive the benefits of world trade. The winners from globalization may receive an improved standard of living, cheaper products, job creation, and increased cooperation among countries.
Belt and Road Initiative- is a plan for a global network of ports, roads, and railways funded by China. Some countries 'win' off of this initiative and actually benefit from the infrastructure provided, but others "lose" and become in debt to China.
Creative destruction- Creative destruction is when a new technology replaces old technology. An example of this is the replacement of film cameras with digital or phone cameras. Globalization and global trade has allowed new technologies to develop and made creative destruction possible.
Capital/Investments- Capital investments are physical assets used as economic resources. Investments in other countries and global markets is part of globalization. In addition, capital can be seen in urban areas when a city purchases physical assets to help their economy.
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