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Unit 1, Enlightened despotism, Politics, Economy, Definition, Society -…

- - - - religious beliefs were strongly criticised and a new type
        of natural religion developed: deism.fact that God created the Universe and it works according to scientific laws.
    - - Society corrupts men.Only education can save them
    - - scientific improvements would lead to an
        harmonious and perfect society,The target is
        human happiness.
    - - Every man has the right and the duty to be happy.Politics should
        be about making people happier,everybody should enjoy the same legal rights and freedom.
  - - - Montesquieu: in The spirit of the laws (1748), he analysed and
        compared different political systems, choosing the English
        parliamentarism as the best one. He defended the separation of
        powers (legislative, executive, judicial); according to him, they
        should never be held by the same person in order to represent the
        whole society.
      - Voltaire criticized religious dogmatism and defended religious
        tolerance. Although he favoured a strong monarchy, he also
        supported the existence of parliaments.
      - Rousseau established the basis of what we now know as
        democracy, introducing, in The social contract (1762), the idea of
        popular sovereignty. He defended that sovereignty resides in the
        people.
- - - - triangular trade route between Europe, Africa and America were controlled by
        the British.
        ● In Europe: goods from America and Africa were traded for tools and arms.
        ● In Africa: goods from Europe and America were exchanged for African
        slaves.
        ● In America: goods from Europe and slaves from Africa were exchanged for
        sugar, rum, cotton and tobacco.
- - - - ● Architecture: buildings were well-proportioned and featured classical
        elements, such as rounded arches, columns and domes.
        ● Sculpture: Neoclassical sculptures were usually made of marble and
        depicted mythological or historical themes or famous people.
        ● Painting: Neoclassical painters imitated classical sculptures, so their
        works featured people who looked like statues. The themes were
        frequently mythological or historical, with idealised images of famous
        people.