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Exam 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - waters moves from soil to atmosphere
    - - ψ = ψp + ψπ + ψm
        
        moves to more negative
    - - Adhesion of water molecules to nondissolved structures
      - Example, soil particles
      - Always negative
      - Significant only outside living systems in very dry soils
  - - - Stomata open shortly after daybreak
      - Close at times of stress
      - Close at night
    - - Open stomata
      - Water evaporates from intercellular spaces
      - Starts the domino effect of water potentials
    - - Root hairs greatly increase surface area
      - Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions
  - - - Completely makes tracheary element non functional
  - - - Transport assimilate from areas where it’s made = sources
      - Materials moved to sinks
        
        Storage areas
        
        Actively growing areas
    - - Sugars transported as sucrose
      - Actively transported into sieve elements
      - Decreases water potential of STE
    - - Creates a water potential gradient between sieve tube elements and surrounding cells
    - - Phloem is always close to xylem
      - Xylem has a much higher water potential than phloem
      - Water moves from less negative water potential to more negative water potential
    - - Sucrose actively transported from sieve tube
      - By companion cells
      - Stored as starch
      - Used in metabolism
        
        Aerobic respiration
- - - - Uni-multicellular projections
      - Anchorage
      - Some with mineral uptake
      - Genes
        
        predate land plants
        
        play a role in root hair development
    - - Dichotomous rooting system
        
        Similar to roots
        
        No chlorophyll
        
        No stomata
        
        Develop gravitropically
        
        No root cap
        
        Extant species lycophyte
        
        With root hairs
        
        No quiescent center
        
        Bifurcating
    - - Independent evolution of
        
        Endodermis
        
        Root cap
      - Early without root hairs
      - Intact epidermis covered root tip
    - - Diversity of arrangement used to infer phylogeny
        
        Number of initial cells differs
      - Similar genes in shoot to root
      - Similar genes across plant taxa
  - - - lateral
        
        Adventitious roots
        
        Derived from stems & leaves
        
        Dominant in monocots
        
        seminal
        
        Derived from mesocotyl
      - primary
        
        Derived from radicle
        
        Main root
        
        Mainly dominant in eudicots
        
        Mainly ephemeral in monocots
    - - Highly differentiated multicellular axis
      - Found only in sporophytes of vascular plants
      - Functions
        
        Anchors plant body to substrate
        
        Absorbs water
        
        Absorbs dissolved minerals
      - common features
        
        Apical meristem & root cap
        
        Pericycle
        
        Endodermis
        
        Root hairs
        
        Single celled
        
        Major absorption of water and minerals
        
        Via osmosis from hypotonic soil solution to hypertonic cells
        
        Delicate
        
        Short-lived
        
        Cortex
        
        Large storage area
        
        Outermost layers may show
        
        exodermis
        
        suberized lamella
        
        casparian strip
        
        hypodermis
        
        Bound by endodermis and epidermis
      - endodermis
        
        Casparian strip
        
        Prevents apoplastic movement of water
        
        Forces water to move through cell membranes to be filtered
    - - quiescent center
        
        rarely divides
        
        backup plan
        
        maintains initial cells
      - behind root cap
        
        Evolved independently
        
        Euphyllophyte
        
        Lycophyte
        
        Protect underlying tissues
        
        Cells that slough off
        
        Secrete mucilage
    - - Pluripotent
      - Initiation of lateral root development
      - Just inside the endodermis
  - - - Selaginella sp example
      - No root cap
      - No root hairs
    - - Diversity
      - Pith in center
      - Endodermis
      - Surrounded by cortex
    - - Diversity
      - No pith
      - Endodermis
      - Cortex
- - - - High atmospheric global temperatures
      - low stomatal densities
        
        v
      - Low capacities for water uptake prior to root evolution
      - Lacking efficient vascular transport in leaves
        #
        
        Burn up leaf
        
        Vascular embolism
    - - Earliest evidence of true leaves
        
        microphylls/ lycophylls
        
        Lycophytes
      - Euphyllophytes
        
        Independent evolution
    - - Indeterminate growth proceeded leaf development
      - Leaves initiated in regular patterns around stem
      - Optimize light interception for photosynthesis
    - - independent origins
        
        Liverwort gametophyte
        
        Moss gametophyte
        
        Lycophyte sporophyte
        
        Monilophyte sporophyte
        
        Spermatophyte sporophyte
    - - Mitosis of a single cell
        
        liverwort
        
        moss
        
        moss midvein cell layer
      - frond
        
        Monilophyte
        
        Mitosis of single apical cell
        
        Shoot like development
      - Euphylls
        
        Seed plants
        
        Pool of recruited cells
        
        From flanks of multicellular shoot apical meristem
      - microphyll
        
        mitosis of 2 epidermal cells
        
        lycophyte
    - - Lycophyte leaves
      - Progressive elaboration of epidermal outgrowths
      - Vascular strands entered later
      - Fossils consistent
        
        Asteroxylon
      - Living evidence
        
        Selaginella draussiana
        
        2 epidermal cells grow to form leaf pair
    - - Evolution of euphylls
        
        Overtopping
        
        Unequal branching (primary & side)
        Planation
      - planation
        
        Flattening of axes into 2 dimensional
      - Webbing
        
        Develop thin tissue between axes of branches
        
        Branches becomes veins
        
        Webbing becomes mesophyll
  - - - Ground tissue
      - Specialized parenchyma
      - Contains chloroplasts
      - Main function is photosynthesis
    - - Ground tissue
      - Specialized parenchyma
      - Contains air spaces from cells being digested
      - Main function permit gas-exchange
      - Large air pockets for buoyancy in aquatic plants
    - - Ground tissue
      - Thickened primary cell walls
      - Main function in flexible support
      - Found in bundle sheath of veins in some species
    - - phloem
        
        Sieve tube element/ sieve cells
        
        Companion cells/ albuminous cells
        
        Photosynthate transport
      - in veins
      - Xylem
        
        water transport
        
        tracheids
    - - Dermal tissue
      - Epidermal cells
      - Guard cells
      - Often cutenized
      - Main function in protecting the internal tissues
  - - - Microphyll
      - Single vascular trace along center of blade
      - Vascular strand connects directly to stem
      - Mesophyll
      - Epidermis
      - Stomata
    - - spongy
        
        gas exchange
      - palisade
        
        photosynthesis
      - veins
        
        bundle sheath cells
        
        xylem on top phloem on bottom
- - - - Synapomorphy
      - All have vascular tissue
      - Cell type varies
      - Vascular architecture diverse
      - tracheids
        
        Annular thickenings
        
        Cooksonia
        
        Thought to be true tracheids #
        
        Early tracheids
        
        Water transport only (no support)
        
        lignified
        
        Relatively long and wide
        
        Ferns
        
        Tracheids + vessel elements in rhizomes of some species
        
        Lycophytes
        
        Pit membranes
        
        Die at maturity
        
        Structural support
        
        Waterproofing
      - Lycophytes
        
        Early vascular group
        
        Created towering forests during Carboniferous
      - Xylem
        
        Stayed small to reduce demand for water
        
        Live in perennially wet substrates (stream sides)
        
        More derived homoiohydric
        
        No specialized cells
        
        hydroids
        
        Water conducting cell
        
        Bryophytes
        
        Apomorphic trait (similar function but different origin) to true vascular tissue
        #
        
        No lignin
        
        Vessel elements
        
        Angiosperms
        
        Homogenous pit membrane
        
        partially digested primary wall protected by an overarching, secondary
        wall border
        
        Large diameter
        
        Dead at maturity
        
        Open, digested end walls
        
        differentiation
        
        Apical meristem
        
        Vacuolization
        
        Elongation
        
        Secondary cell wall
        
        annular
        
        Helical
        
        Reticulate
        
        Porous
        
        Dead at maturity
      - Thickened lignin walls
      - True tracheids
        
        Lignified with ornamented walls
        
        Banded or pitted
        
        Evolved likely once
        
        Tracheophytes
        
        Function in both
        
        Water transport
        
        Support
        
        Tapered at ends
        
        rather narrow
        
        single-celled conduits
  - - - Widespread in bryophytes
      - Specialized plasmodesmata in end walls
      - Alignment along longitudinal arrays of endoplasmic microtubules*
        
        Plastids
        
        Mitochondria
        
        ER vesicles
      - Breakdown of tonoplast
        
        Mix vacuolar & cytoplasmic contents
      - Rarely some species have nuclear breakdown
      - Features common to sieve cells
    - - Transport of
        
        Photosynthate
        
        Hormones
        
        Electric signals
      - ac aka Strasburger cells
      - Gymnosperms only these
      - Earlier lineages with various types including transitional = sieve elements
      - Sieve area pores narrow
      - Uniform sieve areas
        
        Lacks sieve plate
        
        Mostly on ends
      - Sieve tube element
        
        Primary cell wall
        
        living protoplasts at maturity
        
        Few organelles (ER)
        
        Callose & callose plugs
        
        Sieve plate
        
        sieve pore
        
        Lateral sieve area
        
        P protein
        
        Plastid
        
        Smooth ER
        
        Mitochondria
      - companion cells
        
        Branched plasmodesmata
        
        Vacuole
        
        Nucleus
        
        mitochondria
      - Plasmodesmata connections
        
        Sieve tube & companion cell from same mother cell
        
        Connected by a large quantity of plasmodesmata
        
        One pore in sieve tube area branched into many on companion cell side