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Evolution - Coggle Diagram
Evolution
Fossils
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Fossil Dating
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Law of superposition
The geologic principle used to determine the relative ages of rock layers. States that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, the oldest rock layer will be on the bottom and the youngest at the top.
Fossil Formation
Original fossil: actual remains of an organism, such as teeth or bones
Replacement fossil: permineralization occurs when minerals replace the hard structure itself (petrified form)
Carbon film fossil: an outline formed from the carbon residue of soft-bodied organisms that have been buried
Mold and cast: formed when flowing water removes the original fossil leaving just the impression (mold) and sometimes minerals replace the space (cast)
Trace fossils: items that record activity of an organism encased in a material that preserves it(such as nests, burrows and leaf imprints)
Preserved fossils: an entire organism encased in a material preserves it (such as ice, volcanic ash and amber)
Selection
Artificial Selection: The concept of enhancing specific traits in an organism for future generations
Natural Selection: A natural process by which species that have more beneficial traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates, thus overpowering the individuals from the same species with traits less fit for survival
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Sexual Selection: Type of natural selection in which mating preferences influence the traits of the organism
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Evidence of Evolution
Fossil Record
Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers that displays evolutionary changes (incomplete as fossilization is rare)
Comparative Anatomy
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Homologous Structures: Structures that possess similar underlying anatomy as a result of a shared evolutionary origin
Analogous Structures: Structures adapted to possess similar features and functionality as a result of exposure to common selective pressures, but with different origins
Vestigial Organs: The presence of functionless and reduced remnants of organs once functional in ancestors due to environmental changes
Comparative Embryology: Embryos with similar stages of development are typically closely related organisms
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