Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Skeletal System …
Skeletal System Luis Madrigal Period 3
Name of Bones
Skull
Frontal Bone-Forehead
Parietal Bone-Roof of skull
Sphenoid bone-makes up most of the middle part of the base of the skull
Temporal Bone-Near the temple area
Occipital Bone-Back of the skull
Nasal Bone-Nose
Maxilla-above mouth
Zygomatic Bone-Cheekbone
Mandible-Chin below mouth
Vomer Bone-separation between nasal cavities
Body
Clavicle-Collarbone
Scapula-Shoulder Blade
Cervical Vertebrae-Neck
Thoracic Vertebrae-Chest
Lumbar Vertebrae-Lower Back
Sacrum-Tailbone
Coccyx-Tailbone
Coxal Bone-Hips
Sternum (Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid Process)-Breastbone
Ribs (pairs 1-7, true) (Pairs 8-12, false) (last 2, floating)
Upper Limb
Humerus-Upper Arm
Ulna (Medial)-Forearm
Radius (Lateral)-Forearm
Carpals-Wrist
Metacarpals-Palm
Phalanges-Fingers
Lower Limb
Femur-Upper Leg
Patella-Kneecap
Fibula (Lateral)-calf bone
Tibia (Medial)-Shin Bone
Tarsals-Ankle
Metatarsals-Midfoot Bones
Phalanges-Toes
Talus-Ankle Bone
Calcaneus-Heel Bone
Anatomy of Long Bone
Epiphyseal Line
Spaces Containing Red Marrow
Spongy Bone
Diaphysis
Articular Cartilage
Medullary Cavity containing yellow marrow
Proximal Epiphysis
Compact Bone
Endosteum
Periosteum
Distal Epiphysis
Types of Bones
Flat-plate-like with broad surface
Ex) Ribs, Scapula, Flattened Skull Bones
Irregular-varied shape
Ex) Vertebrae, some Facial Bones
Short-almost equal in length and width
Ex) Wrist and Ankle Bones
Long-long with expanded ends
Ex) Arm and Leg bones
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Lamellae are deposited around a cylindrical tube called a Central (Haversian) Canal; Central Canals contain blood vessels and nerves
Extracellular matrix of bone consists of collagen and inorganic salts: Collagen provides strength and resistance, Inorganic Salts provides hardness and resistance to crushing
Bone Cells, called Osteocytes, Located within chambers called Lacunae, Pass nutrients and gases through the matrix via tiny canals called Canaliculi
Central Canals of adjacent Osteons are interconnected by traverse perforating (Volkmann's) Canals; these help Osteons share blood supply and nerves
Spongy Bone consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae
Bone Fracture Repair & Remodeling
Homeostasis
Osteoclasts resorb and osteoblasts deposit bone, in a process called bone remodeling
Remodeling processs is controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium levels
An average of 3% to 5% of bone calcium is exchanged each year
Factors Affecting Repair
Hormonal Secretions- Growth: stimulates division cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plate, Sex: stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plate to end growth in height
Physical Exercise- When muscles pull on bones, at their attachment sites, it stress the bone, which will cause it to increase in thickness and strength
Nutrition- Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption
Joints
Cartilaginous Joints- ex) the pubic symphysis and the first rib with the sternum
Synovial Joints- classified by shape of their parts and the movements they allow
Plane (gliding)
Hinge
Condylar (ellipsoidal)
Pivot (trochoid)
Ball-and-Socket (spheroidal)
Saddle (sellar)
Fibrous Joints- ex) sutures of the skull, joint between the distal tibia and fibula
Bone Repair & Remodeling
Intramembranous- Bones originate within sheet-like layers of connective tissue
Osteoblasts deposit a bony matrix around themselves in all directions, forming spongy bone
Once encased with matrix, they are called osteocytes
Endochondral- Bones form from a hyaline cartilage model
Bone restoring cells, osteoclasts, break down the calcified matrix
Bone building cells, osteoblasts, deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage
Layers of cartilage cells undergoing mitosis make up the epiphyseal plate
A long bone continues to lengthen while the cartilaginous cells of the epiphyseal plate are active; once the plate ossified, the bone can no longer grow in length
Cartilage is broken down in diaphiysis and progressively replaced with bone, while periosteum develops on the outside
As compact bone is deposited on the outside of the developing bone, the medullary cavity form in the diaphysis, as osteoclasts erode the bone on the inside
Medullary cavity eventually fills with bone marrow, which produces blood cells
Synovial Joint movements
Adduction- moving body part toward midline
Dorsiflexion- brings foot closer to shin; toes point up
Abduction- moving body part away from midline
Plantar flexion- moves foot farther from shin; points toes down
Hyperextention- straightening beyond normal
Rotation- movement of part around axis
Lateral Flexion- bending to side
Circumduction- movement of part so end follows circular path
Extension- straightening
Pronation- rotation of forearm, palm faces downward or posteriorly
Flexion- bending
Supination- rotation of forearm, palm faces upward or anteriorly
Inversion- turning sole medially
Eversion- turning sole laterally
Protraction- moving part forward
Retraction- moving part backward
Elevation- raising part of body
Depression- lowering part of body
Male and Female Skeleton
Male
Pelvic Girdle is heavier, thicker, and have more evidence of muscular attachments. Obturator foramina oval and acetabula larger and pubic arch narrower.
Pelvic cavity is narrower in all diameters and is longer, less roomy, and more funnel shaped. Distances between ischial spines and ischial tuberosites are less
Sacrum is narrower and the sacral curvature bent less sharply posteriorly
Coccyx is less moveable
Female
Pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel shaped. Distances between ischial spines and ischial tuberosites are greater
Sacrum is wider and the sacral curvature bent more sharply posteriorly
Pelvic Girdle is lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments. Obturator foramina triangular and acetabula smaller and pubic arch wider.
Coccyx is more moveable
Disorders/Diseases
Osteosarcoma- Malignant bone tumor
Causes/Risk factors- Heredity, Possible Linkage to Fluoridated water, Average age of diagnosis is 15 yrs. old
Symptoms- Bone Fracture, Swelling, Limited Movement
Treatment- Surgery, Radiation, Limb Amputation
Osteomyelitis- An infection in the bone
Symptoms- Chills, Pain at Infection Site, Heat
Treatment- Antibiotics, Restore Blood Flow to Bone, Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment
Causes/Risk factors- Puncture Infection, Circulatory Disorder, Bacteria travels from the bloodstream into bone
Osterogenesis Imperfecra- A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Causes/Risk factors- Congenital mutation, Bone Bowing, Easily Bruised
Symptoms- Bone Fracture, Swelling, Limited Movement
Treatment- Surgery, Radiation, Limb Amputation
Paget's Disease- Metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
Symptoms- Hip Pain in Pelvis, Tingling & Numbness in Spine, Bone Deformity in Legs or Arms
Treatment- Medications, Surgery, Realignment of Bones
Causes/Risk factors- Exact Cause Unknown, Hereditary, Possible Viral Infection
Osteoarthritis- Protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down
Symptoms- Pain, Stiffness, Bone Spurs
Treatment- Surgery, Splints/Braces, Physical Therapy
Causes/Risk factors- Older Age, Bone Deformities, Sedentary Lifestyle