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Indo-China Relations image by Atrishekhar - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) did not refer to “militarisation” of the Strait, only saying India was “concerned at recent developments”
    - - India routinely reiterated this policy until 2008, after which it stopped mentioning it in official statements, a demand that China usually asks of most countries in official declarations.
    - - The proposed mega dam is part of China's 14th 5-year plan and will have 3 times the capacity of the Three Gorges Dam
        
        INDIA proposed 11,000 MW hydro power project on the Brahmaputra in Arunachal Pradesh's Upper Siang district is being reportedly 'redesigned' due to concerns over China's proposed 60,000 MW hydropower project in Medog, Tibet.
    - - border talks
        
        Disengagement Agreement: India and China finalized a border agreement on October 21, 2024, leading to the disengagement of troops in Eastern Ladakh's Depsang and Demchok areas
        
        Ongoing Negotiations: Both countries held the 30th meeting of the China-India Border Affairs Consultation and Coordination Working Mechanism in New Delhi, focusing on resolving the longstanding border dispute
        
        Peace and Stability: The talks emphasized maintaining peace and tranquility in the disputed areas along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) as a basis for restoring normalcy in bilateral relations
        
        High-Level Engagements: Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping agreed to revive various bilateral dialogue mechanisms during their meeting on the margins of the BRICS Summit in Russia
        
        Future Roadmap: India and China's Special Representatives discussed a roadmap for improving relations and maintaining peace, marking significant progress in normalizing tie
    - - CHINA & BHUTAN SHARE 248 MILES LONG BORDER BUT DON’T HAVE OFFICIAL DIPLOMATIC TIES.THEY CAN’T ENGAGE WITH P-5
      - PM DORJI HELD 25th ROUND OF BOUNDRY TALKS WITH CHINA
      - IN 2012 INDIA –CHIN HAD AGREED THAT TRIJUNCTION BOUNDRY POINTS B/W INDIA-CHINA & 3rd COUNTRIES WILL BE FINALISED IN CONSULTATION WITH CONCERNED COUNTRIES
      - THIS CHINA CONTESTED IN 2017 DOKALAM STAND-OFF
    - - The Republic of China (RoC) was established in 1912 after the fall of the Qing Dynasty.
        
        In 1927, a civil war erupted between the Kuomintang (KMT) party of the RoC and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
        
        The Japanese invasion in 1937 resulted in a truce between the KMT and CCP as they joined forces against Japan.
        
        The civil war resumed after World War II, concluding in 1949 with the CCP’s victory.
      - Following their defeat, the RoC government under Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan.
      - Originally, the RoC held a seat on the UN Security Council.
        
        In 1971, the UN replaced the RoC with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as the recognized representative of China .
      - Currently, only 13 countries, including small Pacific islands and the Vatican, officially recognize Taiwan.
      - After Independence: India recognized the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1950 and initially adhered to a “one China” policy, recognizing the PRC over Taiwan
    - - The term describes the theory that when a great power's position as hegemon is threatened by an emerging power, there is a significant likelihood of war between the two powers.
        
        BUT THE COMPLEX IS DUE TO FRENEMIES CONCEPT
    - - “While no profit was shown from 2014-15 to 2019-20 in the statutory filings and no income taxes were paid in India, huge sums were siphoned off out of India,”
        
        The Chinese foreign ministry today said it was closely following the case and will provide "consular protection" to those arrested.
- - - - Containment
        
        As for containment, this is actually the hidden theme in their relationship — China thinks that India is trying to contain its rise in collaboration with the US and Japan, while New Delhi believes that Beijing’s policies in South Asia are aimed at preventing India from playing a larger extra-regional role
        
        China has been blocking India’s attempt to entry to NSG to build a case for Pakistan
        
        China has been insisting that only those countries which have signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) should be allowed to enter the organisation
        
        India supports a Tibetan government in exile formed by Dalai Lama which is unacceptable to China.
        
        China has been increasing investments, enhancing trade with countries in South Asia challenging India’s traditional position in the neighbourhood.
        
        China’s protectionist policies – hinder the ability of Indian companies to enter Chinese markets.
        
        Trade imbalance
        
        Digital Security – The abrupt increase in Chinese investment in the Knowledge economy of India, that mostly involves the tech-start-ups, has raised the concerns related to privacy and data issues
        
        Chinese company Huawei has been boycotted by many countries including the USA citing privacy issues. India still lacks any strong framework that can address su- ch security issues
        
        SOUTH CHINA SEA (SCS) DISPUTE
        
        The SCS is not only a strategic maritime link between the Pacific and the Indian Oceans, but also a vital gateway for shipping in East Asia. Almost, 55% of India’s trade with the Asia Pacific
        
        Apart from helping secure energy supplies for countries like Japan and Korea, India has the unique distinction of shipping oil from Sakhalin to Mangalore through sea routes of the region.
        
        INDIA’S RESPONSE TO CHINA’S BELLIGERENCE
        
        Policy change- India has changed policy towards China from Cooperation and Competition to counter and containment
        
        Necklace of Diamond Strategy: as against string of pearls strategy of china.
        
        Military response-
        
        Quad to contain China
        
        India has also signed four foundational agreements
        
        General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA), Logistics Support Agreement (LSA), Communications Interoperability and Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA) and Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-spatial Cooperation (BECA) with USA that cover areas of military information, logistics exchange, compatibility.
        
        Supply Chain Resilience Initiative-
        
        India is turning the US-China chip war into its advantage
        
        , Foxconn, the Taiwanese firm that assembles Apple’s iPhones, and Indian mining company Vedanta teamed up to build a US$19.5 billion chip-making facility in the western state of Gujarat.
        
        The joint venture applied for the Indian government incentives to set up a semiconductor fab, which is a plant that manufactures integrated circuits from raw silicon wafers, in Dholera, in Gujarat.
        
        Vedanta chairman Anil Agarwal shared that the target is to manufacture 40,000 wafers a month in around two and a half years.
        
        Separately, ISMC Digital, a consortium of investors, is planning to build a US$3 billion fabrication plant in the southern state of Karnataka.
        
        Tower Semiconductor, an Israeli company, would be the technology partner on that project.
        
        Even Tata Group has TIED UP WITH IPHONE to begin semiconductor chip manufacturing in India very soon.
      - China may not think India as much of a competitor when it comes to the economy, but politically New Delhi remains a potent presence in areas that border both India and China, especially in South Asia
        
        Trade
        
        India’s imports from China rose to $97.5 billion in calendar year 2021, up 46.1 per cent from imports worth $66.7 billion in 2020
        
        India’s total trade with China was $137 billion in the 2023
        
        items- Some of India’s key imports from China include Smartphone’s, components for smart phones and automobiles, telecom equipment, plastic and metallic goods, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and other chemicals.
        
        Reasons behind Trade deficit with China
        
        Flooding of lower quality goods in Indian market
        
        Dumping of Steel material
        .
        
        Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures are hurting Indian products
        
        Sanitary (human and animal health) and phytosanitary (plant health) measures apply to domestically produced food or local animal and plant diseases, as well as to products coming from other countries.
        
        Curbs on Indian pharmaceutical products even those having approval of USA, European Union and Japanese regulators
        
        Difficulty for IT sector to get greater market access in China
    - - Conceived as a sub-regional economic cooperation, BCIM initiative was launched in 1999 in Kunming, the capital of Chinese Yunnan province. For economic integration of the sub-region that would also enable integration of
      - The BCIM priority agenda has evolved over time. From the 3-T’s of Trade,Transport, and Tourism, the BCIM priority agenda has moved to TTE (Trade, Transport, and Energy).
  - - - “belt and road” have two components
        
        the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB)
        
        Maritime Silk Road (MSR).
      - India recently proposed the ‘Cotton Route’ (seen by many as its answer to the Silk Route) to strengthen economic ties between countries in the Indian Ocean rim.
      - It has also launched Project Mausam and Spice Route apparently in response to China’s Belt and Road initiative
        
        The ‘Mausam’ project envisages the re-establishment of India’s ancient maritime routes with its traditional trade partners along the Indian Ocean.
        
        Broadly, Project ‘‘Mausam’’ aims to understand how the knowledge and manipulation of the monsoon winds has shaped interactions across the Indian Ocean and led to the spread of shared knowledge systems, traditions, technologies and ideas along maritime routes.
        
        At the macro level, it aims to re-connect and re-establish communications between countries of the Indian Ocean world, which would lead to an enhanced understanding of cultural values and concerns;
        
        At the micro level, the focus is on understanding national cultures in their regional maritime milieu.
        
        The Project scope falls under several themes to be explored through various UNESCO Culture Conventions to which the Government of India is a signatory with the Ministry of Culture and ASI as nodal agency.
        
        It is a Project under which the Government of India has proposed to establish cross cultural linkages and to revive historic maritime cultural and economic ties with 39 Indian Ocean countries.
      - The ‘Spice Route of India’, visualises the India-centered linkup of historic sea routes in Asia, Europe and Africa
        
        The Spice Routes, also known as Maritime Silk Roads, is the name given to the network of sea routes that link the East with the West.
        
        They stretch from the west coast of Japan, through the islands of Indonesia, around India to the lands of the Middle East - and from there, across the Mediterranean to Europe.
        
        APART FROM SPICES & IDEAS , cargoes of ivory, silk, porcelain, metals and dazzling gemstones brought great profits to the traders who were prepared to risk the dangerous sea journeys.
    - - Cocos Island in Myanmar,
      - Chittagong in Bangladesh,
      - Hambantota (Sri Lanka),
      - Marao Atoll (Maldives) and
      - Gwadar (Pakistan)
      - India’s Response Mechanism Against China
        
        Malabar Exercise Since 1992
        
        India-Japan-Australia trilateral
        
        India-Japan-Australia-US Quadrilateral, Quad
        
        Metal Chain and Iron curtain
        
        String of flowers:
        
        since 2015, agreements have been signed by India to develop infrastructure
        
        on Agalega islands in Mauritius
        
        Assumption Island of Seychelles.
        
        India’s ancient spice route along the west coast ports namely, Barygaza (Bharuch) in Gujarat; Suppara (Sopara), Semylla (Chaul), Mandagora (Bankot), Papaepatme (Dabhol), Malizigara (Rajapur), Aurannoboas (Malvan) in Maharashtra; Nitra, Naura, Tyndis, Muziris in Kerala, etc., were the sprawling trading centres which linked India’s maritime trade through the Red Sea region to ancient Rome.
        
        Necklace of Diamond
      - string of Pearls, ‘naval forays’, ‘spy ships’, ‘debt trap’, ‘illegal and destructive fishing practices’ are some of the adverse expressions associated with China and have featured prominently in the Indian Ocean strategic and security discourse
        
        Encouraged by the popularity and support for the GDI, China hosted the first ever ‘China-Indian Ocean Region Development Cooperation Forum’ in November 2022 at Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province in southwest China.
        
        Chinese proposal is aimed at countering India’s Indo Pacific Ocean’s Initative (IPOI) which comprises of seven pillars
        
        (a) Maritime Security;
        
        (b) Maritime Ecology;
        
        (c) Maritime Resources;
        
        (d) Capacity Building and Resource Sharing;
        
        (e) Disaster Risk Reduction and Management;
        
        (f) Science, Technology and Academic Cooperation; and
        
        (g) Trade, Connectivity and Maritime Transport.
        
        Under the IPOI, India has created a sense of community and several partnerships are mushrooming in the Indo Pacific region. New Delhi is encouraging other countries as well as groupings such as the ASEAN to join the IPOI
        
        A year later, the second iteration of the Forum was held at the same destination. It focused on the ocean economy and was labelled ‘Shared Development: Theory and Practice from the Perspective of the Blue Economy’, similar to the first Forum.
      - China’s massive port development projects along the Maritime Silk Road (MSR) architecture at Kyaukpyu (Myanmar), Hambantota (Sri Lanka), Gwadar (Pakistan), Port of Aden (Yemen), Doraleh (Djibouti), Sudan Port (Sudan), Sokhna (Egypt), Lamu, Mombasa (Kenya), Dar es Sallam (Tanzania), Moheli (Comoros Islands), Tamatave (Madagascar)and Piraeus (Greece) denote the likelihood of Chinese brinkmanship in the global maritime space.
        
        Beijing exercises all neo-liberal tactics to develop its strategic ports at Chittagong and Payra (Bangladesh), Bagamoyo (Tanzania), Malacca (Malaysia) while trying to control all critical chokepoints in the Straits of Sunda, Hormuz, Bab el Mandeb, and Gibraltar.
    - - Western Sector (Ladakh)
        
        India uses Johnson Line and claims Aksai Chin as its own. China do not recognise it and instead accepts McDonald Line which puts Aksai Chin under its control
        
        The Johnson’s line (proposed in 1865) shows Aksai Chin in Jammu and Kashmir i.e. under India’s control
        
        whereas McDonald Line (proposed in 1893) places it under China’s control.
        
        India considers Johnson Line as correct, rightful national border with China, while on the other hand, China considers the McDonald Line as the correct border with India.
        
        Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the line separating Indian areas of Jammu and Kashmir from Aksai Chin
        
        China has said that it doesn’t recognise the Indian Supreme Court’s ruling that upheld the Narendra Modi government’s decision to carve out a separate Union Territory for Ladakh from erstwhile Jammu and Kashmir state.
        This is the second consecutive time that China has reacted to the Indian apex court’s verdict backing the Union government’s move to repeal Article 370 and strip the Himalayan state of its special autonomy and other privileges.
      - Middle Sector (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand)
        
        Here LAC is the least controversial except for the precise alignment to be followed in the Barahoti plains
      - Eastern Sector (Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim)
        
        dispute is over the McMahon Line (in Arunachal Pradesh) decided in 1914 in a meeting of Representatives of China, India, and Tibet in Shimla.
        
        The Tawang tract claimed by China was taken over by India in 1951
        
        China is trying strengthened its hold on Bhutanese territory, heightening the threat to India's Siliguri Corridor, also known as Chicken's Neck.
      - REASONS BEHIND BORDER DISPUTE
        
        Palm and Digit policy of Mao
        
        China considers Tibet as right-hand palm with five digits- Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh
        
        China’s Salami slicing strategy-
        
        Five Fingers of Tibet is Chinese foreign policy attributed to Mao
        
        Growing economic and military asymmetry between India and China
        
        China wants greater market access
        
        to send a message to its other neighbours in the East and South China Sea
        
        China is demonstrating to the world the limitations of decaying American power
        
        Wolf Warrior Diplomacy-
        
        Differing perceptions of borders by china
        
        India’s aggressive claims on POK, Gilgit, Baltistan, Infrastructure development in border areas to provide all weather connectivity to Leh and Karakoram has made China to take offensive steps
        
        India’s decision to abrogate Article 370 and making Ladakh as Union Territory
        
        Another aim would have been to neutralise any Indian advantage from improved border infrastructure such as the Darbuk-Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) road and revived Advance Landing Grounds (ALG) at DBO, Fukche, Chushul and Demchok.
      - For thousands of years, Tibet was the buffer that kept India and China geographically apart and at peace
        
        It is only after China invaded and occupied Tibet in 1950, the two countries are sharing a common border
        
        China showed no concern for McMohan Line (1914 Simla Convention signed between the British and the Tibetan representatives) which it said was imposed by “imperialists.”
      - BORDER AGREEMENTS
        
        Panchsheel Nehru and Zhou signed the Panchsheel treaty on 29 April 1954 to lay the roadmap for stability in a region (Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai).
        
        Mutual non-aggression
        
        Mutual non-interference
        
        It includes Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
        
        Equality and mutual benefit
        
        Peaceful coexistence
        
        Agreement on Peace and Tranquillity on Border was signed in 1993 to maintain peace along LAC
        
        Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) in the military field along the LAC in India-China border areas was signed in 1996
        
        Modalities for the implementation of Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas signed on 11th April 2005
        
        The Foreign Ministers of India and China, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar and Wang Yi, signed ‘Five Points’ agreement to reduce the tension on the Ladakh border at Moscow in 2020
        
        The border troops of both sides should continue their dialogue, quickly disengage, maintain proper distance and ease tensions
        
        Both sides shall abide by all the existing agreements and protocol on China-India boundary affairs
        
        In early 2022, India relinquished control of Rezang La following negotiations between the Indian and Chinese military, wherein the implementation of agreed-upon buffer zones on the ground was decided.
        
        both armies undertook the demolition or relocation of all permanent structures within the buffer zone.
        
        A new, larger memorial commemorating the Battle of Rezang La now stands in the Chushul Valley, approximately 3km behind the front, well within Indian territory. Inaugurated on November 18, 2021
        
        Not allowing differences to become disputes
        
        Maintain peace and tranquillity in the border areas and avoid any action that could escalate matters
        
        To continue to have dialogue and communication through the Special Representative Mechanism on the India-China boundary
        
        China’s new law on land borders come into effect from 1st January, 2022
        
        responsibilities of various agencies in China, from the military to local authorities, in guarding the frontiers
        
        Law could formalize some of China’s recent action in disputed regions with India and Bhutan
        
        China shares its land boundary with 14 countries including India, third longest after Mongolia and Russia
        
        With India and Bhutan China is yet to finalise the border agreements
        
        the possibility of China limiting the water flow in the Brahmaputra or Yarlung Zangbo river as the law calls for measures to protect the stability of cross-border rivers and lakes
        
        China might endeavour to prevent India’s infrastructure development using military and diplomatic coercion under the umbrella of the new law
        
        INDIAN COUNTER
        
        Vibrant Village Programme
        
        The program envisages coverage of border villages on the Northern border that have sparse populations, limited connectivity, and infrastructure, which often get left out of the development gains.
        
        The scheme will help encourage people to stay in their native locations in border areas and reverse the out-migration from these villages, adding to improved security of the border.
        
        The scheme will provide funds for the development of essential infrastructure and the creation of livelihood opportunities.
        
        The also aims to develop sustainable agricultural, dairy, and fishery cooperatives in each village.
        
        It will be supported by National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), and the National Fisheries Development Board.
        
        The plan aims to establish viable Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) in each uncovered Panchayat
    - - China is also building five dams on the Brahmaputra river, China in the Galwan Valley blocked the flow of the Galwan River
        
        China has been building dams (Jiexu, Zangmu and Jiacha) in the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra which is called Tsangpo in Tibet.
      - China is planning to build the super dam on Brahmaputra River near to LAC which may have adverse effect over Indian region
        
        China may resort to weaponizing of water in future. Since Himalayan Region is seismic zone, construction of super dam may also lead to increased vulnerability of region to earthquake
      - Pollution of transboundary rivers-
        
        The Siang river, which joins the Lohit and the Dibang downstream to form the Brahmaputra, turned muddy and “blackened” in 2017 raising concerns about China’s upstream activities
      - India and China have signed two pacts since 2008 on data sharing for the Sutlej and Brahmaputra in order to better manage the shared watercourses
    - - Beijing is not only propping up the Pakistani state financially and militarily, but also has repeatedly blocked United Nations action against the chief of the Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorist group ins global terrorist by the 1267 committee
        
        Abdul Rehman Makki/Rauf Azhar/Sajid Mir
        
        recently it lifted its technical hold for the first time for Abdul Rehman Makki