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Week 11: Psychological Disorders - Coggle Diagram
Week 11: Psychological Disorders
pattern of emotions, behaviours or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or inability to achieve important goals
Psychopathology
scientific study of psychological disorders
Evolving Understanding
of Disorders
Ancient World
sign that demons and spirits had possessed the person's mind and body
Hippocrates
imbalance among four
bodily fluids (
humours
)
Blood
Phlegm
Yellow Bile
Black Bile
incorporated mental disorders
into medicine
18th Century
emergence of the
medical model
Middle Ages
demons and witchcraft
Present-day
Medical Model
treats psychological disorders as
diseases of the mind
that have
objective physical causes
emphasises drug therapy over developing cognitive and behavioural coping skills
Criticisms
Doctor-knows-best
patient becomes passive recipient in treatment
does not help patient
develop good coping skills
Takes responsibility from psychologists and gives it to psychiatrists
Psychological Model
Biopsychology
neural circuits
Stress
Genetics
Toxins
Behavioural
looks outward
to environmental factors
that maintain abnormal behaviour
Eg. Public speaking
learnt through classical conditioning
maintained through operant conditioning
Cognitive
looks inward
to mental processes like
emotions, thoughts, perceptions, memory
Social
behaviour and cognition
occurring in social context
RECAP: Reciprocal Determinism
Developmental
deviation from expected biological and psychological development
age-inappropriate behaviours
age or life stage as a factor
Biopsychology
focuses on cognitive, behavioural,
social-cultural and developmental factors
and on brain and nervous system
"pattern of emotions, behaviours or thoughts inappropriate to situation and leading to
personal distress
or
inability to achieve goals
"
Symptoms
Hallucination
"false sensory experiences that can indicate mental disorders"
Delusion
"involve persistent false beliefs"
Affective
Disturbances
"disorders of emotion or affect"
more than 26% of US population is
diagnosed with mental disorder
Indicators of
Abnormality
Distress
prolonged levels of
unease or anxiety
affects ability to concentrate
Maladaptiveness
acting in ways that
make others fearful
acting in ways that are
detrimental to well being
Irrationality
irrational behaviour that is
incomprehensible to others
Unpredictability
Behaving erratically and inconsistently across different times and situations
Unconventional
Behaviour
Undesirable
Behaviour
Diagnosis
DSM-5
specific criteria
for diagnosis
for
300 varieties
of disorders
provides common language or
standardisation for description of
psychopathology
Symptoms
Syndrome (groups of symptoms
occuring together)
Neurosis
"relatively common pattern of subjective distress or self-defeating behaviour without signs of brain abnormalities"
Dropped from DSM-IV
Multiaxial System
Axis 1
particular clinical disorder
Axis 2
long standing problems like personality
or developmental disorders
Axis 3
Relevant medical conditions
Axis 4
psychosocial or environmental
issues that can influence functioning
Eg. recently divorced, unemployed
Axis 5
Global Assessment of
Functioning (GAF) scale
ICD-11
scope includes mental and
physical illnesses
differs from DSM-5 in terms
of
diagnosis criteria
Mood Disorders
Depressive
Disorders
Seasonal Affective
Disorder
Postpartum
Depression
Major Depressive Disorder
Criteria
concurrent presence of
5 symptoms
daily for
at least 2 weeks
Depressed mood
Markedly diminished interest
or pleasure in activities
Biological Factors
Mayberg's Model
of Depression
Drugs that affect neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin) relieve symptoms
lower brain activity in
left frontal lobe
Non-biological factors
Learned
helplessness
attributing negative events
to
personal flaws
or
external events
out of their control
Rumination
aggravated by
low self-esteem
and
pessimism
Gender
women tend to focus on
causes and consequences
while men
distract themselves
from their feelings
women more prone to rumination
women more likely to
seek help for depression
Bipolar Disorder
characterised by extreme swings of mood
between
depression
and
manias
episodes
Manic Phase
euphoric and energetic, hyper
Spend life savings
on big purchases
engage in casual unprotected
sexual encounters
Depressive Phase
Anxiety Disorders
Generalised
Anxiety Disorder
"pervasive and persistent sense of anxiety without any known external cause"
affects twice as many women as men
Panic Disorder
"recurring strong feelings of anxiety
occurring
suddenly
and
unexpectedly
,
with
no connection to present events
"
Anticipatory Anxiety
when individuals dread the next attack and
feeling helpless and out of control
avoid public places but fear being alone
Agoraphobia
"fear of public spaces
and open spaces"
afraid that they will be unable to receive help if they get panic attacks in these places
Treatments
Medical therapy using
anti-anxiety drugs
Cognitive-behavioural therapy which has equal or higher efficacy than medical therapy
Phobic Disorder
"irrational debilitating fear of an object or situation"
Causes
Preparedness Hypothesis
"biological predisposition to respond faster to stimuli that posed threats to our ancestors"
phobias for snakes and lightning develop more readily than for cars
Obsessive-compulsive
Disorders
persistent, uncontrollable thoughts or
urges and ritualised behaviour
Obsession
"
*recurring
thoughts, images or impulses that cannot be suppressed"*
Compulsions
"repetitive, purposeful behaviours in response to obsessions that attempt to relieve anxieties"
viewed as irrational when the individual is calm but
cannot be resisted when anxieties rise
affects
1%
of population
Causes
Behavioural Therapy
Genetic
Eating Disorders :hamburger:
Anorexia Nervosa :skull_and_crossbones:
less t
Bulimia Nervosa
Personality Disorders
characterised by
enduring, inflexible and maladaptive
pattern of thoughts, emotions and disrupted social relationships
Narcissistic :sparkles:
"exaggerated sense of self-importance, need for constant attention and admiration or preoccupation with fantasies of success and power"
respond inappropriately to criticisms or defeat
feel entitled to favours without obligations
struggles with empathy
Antisocial
"lack of conscience or sense
of responsibility to others"
do not feel anxiety, shame or other intense emotions despite being in upsetting situations
possessing charm
allowing them to take advantage of people
manipulate their way out of trouble or simply avoid getting caught for long periods of time
Borderline
"instability and impulsivity, unpredictable moods and stormy relationships, little tolerance for frustration"
impulsive behaviour such as
substance abuse, gambling,
binge drinking
2%
of adults
Schizophrenia
"psychotic disorder (loss of touch with reality) involving
deterioration of personality
, including distortions in thoughts, perceptions and emotions"
Criteria
Negative Symptoms
Affective flattening
Alogia (poor thinking)
Avolition
lack of motivation
"passive processes and deficiencies"
Positive symptoms
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganised speech
Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour
"active processes"
two or more of following symptoms
present for significant portion of a month
syndrome
more common in men than women
Causes
Biological
drugs that interfere with dopamine receptors
can suppress positive symptoms
schizophrenic brains are unable to synchronise neural firing across cortex
Environmental
Diathesis-stress
hypothesis
Environmental stress factors transform
potential into actual schizophrenic disorder
Genetic factors increase
risk of schizophrenia
concordance rate for
identical twins is 50%
for 50% of cases where schizophrenia
afflicts twins, one twin is unaffected
Neurodevelopmental
Disorders
Autism
"poorly developed "theory of mind", disabilities in language, and reduced social ability"
Behaviours
Destructive self-stimulation
like head-banging
Repetitive behaviours
like rocking
Attention-Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder
Inattention
Hyperactivity
improve before inattentive symptoms
hard to diagnose
drug therapy and behavioural therapy can diminish hyperactivity in 70% of individuals
Developmental Dyslexia
difficulties with word reading and spelling despite normal intelligence and educational opportunity
Causes
languages where orthography (written symbols) is difficult to link with phonology (sound structure)
abnormalities in brain's
language processing circuits
"abnormal disturbances in emotion
or mood, aka affective disorders"