An Unimmunized Child
Normal microbiota
what it is
Ecological Community of commensals ,symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms with a body space or environment
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they may
Aid the host
May harm the host
May exist as commensals
Normal microbiota of the respiratory system
upper resp
Respiratory tract infections
what is an infection
by developing the immune system
Immune system
divided into
Innate
Adaptive
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
contains
immunoglobulins
Vaccines
Adverse effects & Contraindications
Routes of Injections
what they are
a substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases
Immunization program in the UAE
contains
such as
Macrolides
Host-Microbe Interactions
Cultures and beliefs
The normal microflora of the nose occurs just inside the nostrils , and consists of Staphylococci, Streptococci , Neisseria, Haemophilus , etc .
lower resp
Healthy lungs are an inhospitable environment for bacteria with little nutrition and constant surveillance by the immune system
Upper resp infections
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body.
Lower resp infections
tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, certain influenza types, and the common cold.
bronchitis, Bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Influenza affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts
Treatment
Virus
Bacteria
Clears itself up
Antibiotics and Medication for symptoms
Prevention
cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze
wash your hands regularly
Be on track with your vaccinations
stop smoking if you smoke
drink less alcohol
exercise more
types
Mind-body therapy
Biologically -based practices
Energy healing
Manipulative and body -based practices
Nonspecific, innate immunity is the defense system with which you were born.
Specific, the basis for effective immunization against infectious diseases.
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Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Longer needle is used
Usually injected into the muscle of the upper arm, thigh, or buttock.
Needle inserted into fatty tissue just below the skin
Intravenous
Intrathecal
A needle is inserted directly into a vein
Usually in the forearm
Needle is inserted between two vertebrae around the spinal cord
Anesthetics and analgesics are given this way (morphine)
what they are
Adverse Effects
Pain, swelling, or redness where the shot was given.
Mild fever.
Chills.
Feeling tired.
Headache.
Muscle and joint aches.
Contraindications
Anaphylaxis following a previous dose of the relevant vaccine
Anaphylaxis following any component of the relevant vaccine.
Pregnancy
Altered Immunocompetence
Age
made of
The antigen itself
Adjuvants
Preservatives
Stabilizers
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WBCs
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
40% - 60%
Bacterial/Fungal infections
Acute inflammation
1% - 2%
Parasitic infections & Allergy
0.5% - 1%
Allergy
Histamine release
20% - 40%
Antibody production
2% - 8%
Phagocytosis
Chronic Inflammation
Pertussis
what it is
a highly contagious childhood bacterial disease that causes uncontrollable, violent coughing
caused by
Bordetella pertussis
it is
Gram-negative coccobacilli, strict aerobic
stages
Catarrhal stage – resembles common cold
Paroxysmal stage – classic whooping cough – mucus production and lymphocytosis
Convalescent stage – complication occur – pneumonia, convulsions, ear infections
DOC & Vaccine
DOC – Erythromycin /Azithromycin
Vaccine – DPT (P – acellular vaccine)
they are
bacteriostatic antibiotics that belong to moderate spectrum bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors.
examples
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Mechanism of action
bind irreversibly to a site on the 50s subunit of bacterial ribosomes, at the peptidyl transferase center.
Effective against many of the same organisms as penicillin G
Effective against: Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia, Legionella.
Less active than erythromycin, against streptococci and staphylococci
Highly active against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, preferred therapy for urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
Adverse effects
Contraindications
GI tract disturbance
Cholestatic jaundice
Ototoxicity
QT prolongation
Patients with hepatic dysfunction
Patients with proarrhythmic conditions or concomitant use of proarrhythmic agents
symbiosis
any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, amensalistic,parasitic or competitive.
types
Mutualism: Where both organism benefit
Commensalism: one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Amensalism: neither organism benefits, but one is harmed.
Parasitism: the parasitic organism benefits at the expense of the host.
Competition: neither organism benefits.
Culture
Cultural differences affect patients‘ attitudes about medical care and their ability to understand, manage, and cope with the course of an illness.
Religion
Religion and spirituality can impact decisions regarding diet, medicines based on animal products, modesty, and the preferred gender of their health providers.
Epidemiological impact
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used for
leads to use of
developed with
has a role with and against the
protect against
reason for severity of lower resp infection