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The Technology Scenario - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Catalog sales gained momentum with the appearance of credit cards; in addition to determining a type of relationship of greater anonymity between the client and the seller.
        
        In the mid-1980s, with the help of television, a new form of catalog sales, also called direct sales, emerged. In this way, the products are shown with greater realism, and with the dynamics that they can be exhibited, highlighting their characteristics. Direct sales are made through a telephone and usually with credit card payments.
        
        In the early 1970s, the first business relationships using a computer to transmit data appeared. This type of information exchange, without any type of standard, brought about improvements in manufacturing processes in the private sphere, between companies in the same sector.
        
        Despite the short history of electronic commerce, it is already possible to speak of three different stages in the evolution of the software used for its operation.
        
        It started with a simple HTML form.
        It wasn't bad for the beginning. A simple form is able to collect the order and send it by email to the seller.
        
        The next step was the so-called shopping cart.
        The store can present an infinite number of products, each of them on its own page, and the customer only has to point to the ones they want to buy.
        
        The third generation presents us with authentic electronic warehouses with extensive administration functions and personalized treatment for each client.
        Without the need for programming knowledge and with just his usual browser, the owner is able to carry out all kinds of merchandise update tasks: add, delete or temporarily hide products, change prices, establish contests, discounts or promotions, collect secure orders, easily work with existing accounts and inventories, and even manipulate images.
- - - - Parts of a data transmission network:
        • Network devices: Set of physical elements that make it possible to communicate between a sending computer and a receiving computer. o Communication channel: Medium by which it circulates, cable, radio-frequency, etc. o Intermediate nodes (routers or routers, hubs, etc): Equipment that selects the best path, if there are several possible paths.
        
        • Network programs: Software that allows you to control the operation of the network. o Windows NT, 2000, 2003 server, linux, unix, etc. o Network administration and control programs.
        There are services and protocols in communication networks that provide a "service" to customers, these services follow established and standardized "protocols".
        Network protocol: Rules or steps to follow when transmitting information, rules to “understand the computers, for example they must transmit and receive at a certain speed, with a message format that both understand, without errors. etc.
        
        Basic services
        • Voice transmission: Service offered for decades.
        • Data transmission: This can be data such as files or video and digital image.
        • Billing: All public networks offer this service with billing, billing for connection times, information transferred, flat rate, etc.
        Topology (Network Architecture)
        Network architecture: It is the way how the computers (nodes) of the network are connected. There are several forms of connection and the most common topologies are the following:
        
        Mesh
        
        Star
        
        Bus
        
        Tree
        
        Ring
        
        One of the key aspects of communication systems lies in their ability to support other services. Thus, for example, we can think of ATM networks, in which the most important element is not the network, but the service it provides. An enormous explosion of this type of network is expected in the near future, in which the services provided by a network will be independent of the network itself and, paradoxically, more important.
        
        Computer networks allow the transmission of information between different computers. To do this, they will use a communications architecture that will be divided into several levels, each of which will perform a specific function.
        -Data networks allow the transmission of information from one place to another. In order for this information to be used later in the destination computer, both computers must have the same communications architecture.
- - - - The Internet Protocol (IP) and the Transmission Protocol (TCP) were initially developed in 1973 by the American computer scientist Vinton Cerf as part of a project led by the American engineer Robert Kahn and sponsored by the Agency for Advanced Research Programs ( ARPA, acronym in English) of the United States Department of Defense.
        
        The routing challenges are:
        • Provide a unique way to identify traffic sources and destinations (IP addresses).
        • Need for a solution suitable for large networks.
        • The solution must also handle the problem of the interconnection of heterogeneous networks (internetworking), of very different physical support and/or independent organizations.
        Programs above the IP layer must simply view the network as an entity that communicates two points identified by their IP address.
        The design criteria that were determined were:
        • Protocol without connection: Datagrams with the same origin and destination are treated completely independently by the routers, and can follow different paths to their destination.
        • Unreliable protocol, and best-effort delivery.
        • The protocol must hide all the problems of network interconnection from the upper layers, which have a vision of a virtual network that solves the problem of sending and receiving datagrams.
        
        The Internet protocol interacts with high-level host-to-host protocols on the one hand and with the local network protocol on the other.
        In general, protocols are the set of rules or conventions established and generally accepted, which regulate the exchange of information between the nodes (connections, unions) of a network.
        The complexity of a protocol lies in two aspects: the number of stations involved in the communication through a transmission medium and the channel access method.
        
        Character-oriented protocol: In this type of protocol all the controls are aimed at guaranteeing the quality of the characters in the communication, among this type of protocol is Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC).
        
        Bit-oriented protocol:
        With bit-oriented protocols, information is transferred bit by bit.
        
        Characteristics of the protocols:
        Error control: Due to the fact that in all communication systems there is the possibility of errors appearing due to the distortion of the transmitted signal on the path that goes from the transmitter to the receiver, the use of error control is necessary; through an error detection and correction procedure (or data retransmission).
        
        Standards for OSI open systems:
        The OSI model serves as a reference framework to reduce the complexity involved in the study and design of networks (LAN/WAN).
        The communication process is described as a hierarchy of seven layers or levels.
        
        TCP/IP:
        It constitutes a family of communication protocols designed with a fundamental motivation: To achieve interoperability between the different communication systems of a heterogeneous/multivendor network in a transparent way for the end user.
        TCP/IP is the family of protocols with the largest number of installations at the international level. Its origins date back to the early 1970s, when a group of researchers from the United States Department of Defense began a project whose purpose was to design a set of protocols that could offer interoperability to the variety of computing environments connected to their networks.
        This is how ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Net) was born and later the Internet, the network with the largest number of users and computers connected worldwide.
        
        Transport layer protocols: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
        It is a connection-oriented, full-duplex protocol that provides a totally reliable virtual circuit for the transmission of information between two applications.
        TCP guarantees that the information sent reaches its destination without errors and in the same order in which it was sent.
        
        UDP (User Datagram Protocol):
        It is a full duplex connection-less protocol and as such does not guarantee that the data transfer will be error-free, nor does it guarantee the order of arrival of the transmitted packets. UDP's main advantage over TCP is performance; Some of the applications that use UDP are TFTP, NFS, SNMP, and SMTP.
        
        Network layer protocols: IP (Internet Protocol):
        It provides the necessary information to allow the routing of packets in a network. It divides the packets received from the transport layer into segments that are transmitted in different packets. IP is a connectionless protocol.
        
        ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):
        This protocol is used to handle events such as network failures, detection of inoperative nodes or routers, network congestion, etc., as well as for control messages such as “echo request”. A typical example of the use of this protocol is the PING application.
        
        ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Allows locating the physical address (Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.) of a network node, based on its known logical address (IP). At the network layer level, nodes communicate through the use of IP addresses; however, IP packets are delivered to the link layer for placement on the communication channel.
        
        RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol):
        It executes the inverse operation to the ARP protocol, it allows a network node to locate its logical address from its physical address.
        
        -ARP proxy:
        When a node in network "A" needs to communicate with another node in network "B", it needs to locate its physical address, however, since the nodes are in different networks, it is the router that is in charge of calculating the address. address. In this sense, the physical address delivered to the node in network "A" corresponds to the router connected to that network.
        
        Applications and protocols: Telnet (Tn3270, Tn5250):
        It is the protocol that defines the set of rules and criteria necessary to establish virtual terminal sessions over the network. Telnet defines the mechanisms that allow knowing the characteristics of the destination computer. Also, it allows the two computers (client and server) to negotiate the environment and the specifications of the terminal emulation session.
        
        X Windows:
        It was developed by MIT with the purpose of providing a system for emulating graphical windows on computers with display interfaces based on bitmaps.
        
        FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
        It is a connection-oriented protocol that defines the procedures for transferring files between two network nodes (client/server). Each node can behave as client and server.
        
        TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol):
        It is a connectionless file transfer protocol. It is much less complex than FTP, that is, it supports fewer functions, the code is smaller, it consumes less memory and as a consequence it is faster.
        
        SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Defines the schemes for sending and receiving email on the network. SMTP is based on UDP and supports the concept of spooling.
        
        DNS (Domain Name System):
        The structure of IP addresses is somewhat difficult to manage and remember. Many users have adopted the use of acronyms or names to identify a numerical address through configuration files (hosts.txt) provided by each communication software.
- - - - Internet Domains
        The highest level domain is a code that is found at the far right of the address and is known as the root domain, it indicates the type of organization or country to which the address belongs.
        
        A local group is a group of users, so that any user of the group can enter and access the resources of the PDC server of the domain to which the group belongs. A local group belongs to a domain.
        
        A global group is the same as the previous one except that it can also be seen by all domains that trust the domain to which the group belongs. The difference between local and global is visibility.
        
        The evolution of domain names is clear, going from being a simple technical instrument for locating and accessing websites or other similar applications on the Internet, to gradually become commercial indicators that allow the public to locate, identify and distinguish on the Internet, without the need to resort to search programs, entrepreneurs, professionals and benefits of all kinds.
        DOMAIN CLASSES
        
        Generic Top Level Domains.
        Technically they are known by the acronym GTLDs (General Top Level Domains). These are the first domains that were standardized in the DNS, obeying a series of basic activity areas.
        
        Free registration: It is based on the principle of temporal priority at the time of registration (First come, first served) It must have a minimum of 3 characters and a maximum of 63. ICANN delegates to a series of entities so that users who wish can register a domain name.
- - - - Historically, ISDN was born from the need for better sound quality in international calls (by normal telephone cable), which led to the invention of digital converters, with which the information flowed digitized until it reached the place of destination where it was converted to an analog voice system.
        It is the alternative technology (which is not RTB) of the Internet that has lower bandwidth, and therefore lower speed.
        
        ADSL Internet access
        The acronym ADSL is used to designate those asymmetric digital subscriber lines connected to the Internet (Asimetrical Digital Subscriber Line).
        This technology is nothing more than a Modem Technology that enables high-speed data transmission over the subscriber loop.
        The flows that are transmitted are asymmetric: much more flow in the User Network direction ("downstream", than in the User Network ("upstream").
        
        But what is ADSL based on? ADSL manages to increase connection speeds through the same lines thanks to digital compression systems. An ADSL modem introduces three channels on a telephone line: a conventional channel for voice, a medium bidirectional channel, and a high-speed channel for the user.
        
        Wired Internet Access
        Given the value that information acquires today, it has had to invent a transmission system for it that goes beyond the traditional system of telephone lines and the radio system. This has been the “wire”.
        The "cable" is nothing more than a cable capable of transporting information at very high speeds (up to terabit), which allows access to new applications that are not allowed with current systems or cause the network to collapse.
        
        Currently, the cable is arranged, as a general rule, in a branch structure, that is, following the branchial structure of a tree (a server serves X subservers which in turn serve X sectors...). This is arranged to prevent falls on some branches.
        Satellite Internet Access
        Satellite Internet service is one of the most innovative on the market and consequently one of the most expensive.
        Internet Access by Mobile Phone (WAP)
        There is no doubt that the Internet and mobile telephony are the two phenomena that attract the greatest interest in the world of information technology, and proof of this is the growth experienced in the number of users who choose to use these two services; Proof of this is the rapid growth of the Internet and of mobile phone users.
        
        In this way we can say that Internet access, currently growing, offers multiple connection possibilities, with which we can achieve a considerable range of speeds. With this and looking to the future, we hope that the Internet, by whatever means, will access all Spanish homes so that we can say that we have fully entered the so-called "information society".
- - - - Confidentiality: Guarantee that the data is not communicated incorrectly.
        
        Integrity: protect data to prevent unauthorized changes.
        
        Authentication: Have confidence in the identity of users.
        
        Verification: Check that the security mechanisms are correctly implemented.
        
        Availability: Ensuring that resources are available when needed.
      - APPLICATIONS AND OPERATION
        Email is used on the intranet, although it is internal, that is, without the need for internet access.
        All other Internet tools are used: distribution lists, newsletters, file transfer, remote access, interactive chats, video conferences, etc.
        The firewall or firewall is a tool that allows users to control access to certain areas of a network. Firewalls generally stand between the WWW server (which is public and therefore not protected) and the internal network, which must be confidential.
        These firewalls act as a security wall for the intranet and can be done in a variety of ways.
        
        The Intranet experiences carried out between the different organizations reveal that the information content accessible through them responds, in general, to the following blocks:
        
        Access to internal directories: phone search, addresses, agendas, programming, etc.
        
        Access to company databases.
        
        Publication of internal documents: financial reports, price lists, publications and product manuals, etc. Application distribution.
        
        Creation of simple teamwork applications.
        
        ADVANTAGES OF THE INTRANET
        The factors that strongly influence the establishment of an intranet can be summarized as follows:
        
        Affordable costs, both for start-up and use. It is a very efficient and economical way of distributing internal information, replacing the classic media.
        
        Easy adaptation and configuration to the technological infrastructure of the organization, as well as management and handling. Available on all computing platforms.
        
        DISADVANTAGES OF THE INTRANET
        
        It is not possible to say: “we are going to start it, we will get the most out of it”. Many intranets that are well built technologically are a failure. We often see information that is out of date, poorly managed because the appropriate vehicle has not been chosen or because the bulletins are inactive.
        
        Security aspects are very important. Intranets are networks exposed to significant security risks.
        
        USERS AND TRAINING.
        Keep in mind that there are several levels within an Intranet, which correspond to the user profile:
        
        Information systems manager. It would be in charge of designing the computer structure of the organization, planning and carrying out installations of operating systems and very specific applications, programming applications, etc.
        
        Information manager. Its functions would be to create the information system, design and maintain database structures and information servers, design applications for information management, etc.
        
        End Users. He uses computer and information resources for the development of his work, together with the rest of the members of the organization. For the Library 2000 project, there are (broadly speaking) two types of end users.
- - - - ADVANTAGES AND BENEFITS OF USING EXTRANET
        A company will be able to open its information files to its suppliers and customers, with the savings that this entails: On-line consultation of orders, stock levels, products, purchase/sale conditions, introduction of incidents, communications, online training, etc.
        APPLICATIONS AND OPERATION
        The extranet allows people outside the company, such as customers or suppliers, to access part of the organization's Intranet. In other words, technically it is about the firewall also allowing access to external users, which complicates the security aspects. Naturally, they do not have access to all directories but only to specific parts, for example, they can be allowed access to information about products and prices. Let us think that it is not always interesting that everyone has the prices of the products.
- - - - How to promote a website: We can do many things to make our page more popular, basically it is about making the address of our page appear in a greater number of sites. We are going to provide a series of ideas below:
        There are many ways to promote a page,
        • We can send emails announcing its launch
        • Include the address on our business stationery letterhead
        • Announce it on television, to give several examples.
        
        Construction of Web Pages
        Good Content:
        The content will depend directly on the theme of the Web. The vast majority of users who visit a website do so in search of information. It does not matter how such information is presented (text, images, video, audio) but a website must provide content.
        A good design:
        It is not necessary to be a great designer to create Web pages with a minimum of graphic sensibility. Sometimes a simple design is much more appreciated than a website flooded with "gifs" in movement. Using a certain typography, suitable colors, icons, photos, etc. can make the experience of visiting a Web much more enjoyable.
- - - - Advantages of XML.
        Authors and providers can design their own document types using XML, rather than just HTML. Document types can be explicitly 'tailored to an audience', so the difficult manipulations you have to do with HTML to achieve special effects will be a thing of the past: authors and designers will be free to invent their own tags.
    - - XML structure.
        An XML document has two structures, one logical and one physical. Physically, the document is made up of units called entities. An entity can reference another entity, causing that entity to be included in the document.
        logical structures.
        Each XML document contains one or more elements, whose boundaries are delimited by start and end tags or, in the case of empty elements, by an empty element tag. Each element has a type, identified by a name, called a generic identifier, and can have a set of attribute specifications.