ELECTROPORATION

LASER METHOD

1.EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
2.FORMATION OF GAMETOCYTES 3.INJECTION INTO BLASTOCYSTS 4.INJECTION INTO FOSTER MOTHER 5.FORMATION OF NEW INDIVIDUAL

1.FORMATION OF DNA
2.FUSION OF MALE PRONUCLEUS WITH DESIRED DNA.
3.FORMATION OF DIPLOID ZYGOTE. 4.MITOTIC DIVISION. 5,FORMATION OF NEW INDIVIDUAL.

RETOVIRUSES USED AS A VECTOR CHIMERAS ARE PRODUCED

1.THIS METHOD INVOLVES THE DIRECT MICROINJECTION OF A CHOSEN GENE CONSTRUCT
2.ITS INOCULATION INTO PRONUCLEUS OF FERTILIZED OVUM.
3.THE FERTILIZED OVUM IS TRANSFERRED INTO THE OVIUCT OF FEMALE RECEPIENT.**

The calcium phosphate transfection method for introducing DNA into mammalian cells is based on forming a calcium phosphate-DNA precipitate.
Calcium phosphate facilitates the binding of the DNA to the cell surface. DNA then enters the cell by endocytosis.

Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran is a polycationic derivative of the carbohydrate polymer dextran, and it is one of the first chemical reagents used to transfer nucleic acids into cultured mammalian cells