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Week 10: Consciousness, Stage 1, electrical activity increases - Coggle…

- - - - memories of information not in
        consciousness but readily
        available to consciousness
      - essentially long term memory
      - capability for parallel processing
    - - Freudian Theory
        
        houses threatening emotional desires,
        feelings and desires best hidden from consciousness
      - Modern Cognitive
        Psychology
        
        unconscious mental processes
  - - - Area of focus
        
        whatever is being
        attended to
      - Peripheral
        Consciousness
        
        encompasses feelings and
        associations that give meaning
        and context to focus
  - - - Consciousness
        
        images and information
        on the screen
      - Unconsciousness
        
        Background computer processes that run without the user being aware
- - - - complex web of regions concentrated
        in frontal and temporal lobes
      - activated when the brain is in a restful state
  - - - physiological pattern that repeats
        approximately every 24 hours
      - controlled by the hypothalamus
      - Examples
        
        Metabolism
        
        Heart Rate
        
        Body temperature
      - Sleep Wake Cycle
        
        Regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus
        
        Sensitive to light-dark cycles
        of day and night
        
        Naturally around 25 hours
    - - occurs approximately
        every 90 min
      - marked by bursts of rapid
        eyes movements (REM)
        under closed eyelids
      - brainwave patterns
        similar to wakefulness
      - sleep paralysis
    - - deeper stages of sleep
    - - 90-minute sleep cycles
      - occurrence of deep sleep near
        the beginning of the night
      - increase of REM duration as sleep progresses
      - decrease in deep sleep as sleep progresses
    - - Insomnia
        
        chronic inability to fall asleep
        
        frequent arousals during sleep
        
        early awakenings
      - Sleep Apnea
        
        "intermittent stoppage of
        breathing during sleep"
        
        Effects
        
        frequent snoring
        
        Damage to brain cells
        
        Elevated blood pressure
        
        caused by collapse of airway in throat
        when throat muscles relax
      - Narcolepsy
        
        sudden REM sleep attacks
        
        may be preceded by cataplexy
        
        sudden loss of muscle control
        
        caused by sleep-onset
        REM periods
        
        research has implicated diminished supply
        of hypocretin in the hypothalamus
      - Parasomnias
        
        "unwanted motor activity or
        experiences during sleep"
        
        Examples
        
        Sleepwalking
        
        Bedwetting
        
        Night terrors
        
        emotion of fear still present but
        experience is forgotten on awakening
        
        manifest as screaming in sleep
        
        occuring during Stage 4 Sleep
        
        occur in deep sleep
        (Stages 3 & 4)
    - - sleep deficiency caused by
        not getting sufficient sleep
      - lower alertness and cognitive function
      - weight gain
      - shortened lifespan
    - - Evolutionary
        
        conserve energy
        
        avoid harm when not searching for food or mates
      - Restorative
        
        reparation of brain cells
        
        formation of new neurons
      - Cognitive
        
        flushing out accumulation of unwanted and useless information
- - - - dependent on age
        
        10-15% of adults are
        highly hypnotisable
        
        85% of children are
        highly hypnotisable
      - "measure of an individual's responsiveness
        to hypnotic suggestions"
    - - Distinct state of
        consciousness
      - Level of suggestibility
        
        individuals are motivated to focus attention
        and respond to suggestion
      - Social Process
        
        people act according to their perceptions
        of a hypnotised person
        
        involving role playing
      - Disassociated State
        
        Ernest Hilgard
        
        Involving a hidden observer that takes
        over attention of a painful sensation
      - Shift towards top-down processing
        
        suggests hypnosis occurs due to
        expectations and desires of hypnosis
        
        brain scans showed that subjects who
        were hypnotically suggested to forget
        how to read temporarily deactivated
        areas in brain associated with reading
    - - Pain management
        
        Eg. Lamaze method of natural childbirth
      - Research Purposes
        
        using hypnosis to induce mental states in normal individuals without having to find individuals with those problems
      - Psychological Treatment
        
        desensitising people with phobias
        
        relaxation training program for
        reducing stress
        
        eliminating unwanted behaviours
        or desires
        
        Posthypnotic amnesia
        
        using hypnosis to induce patients to forget events that occurred
  - - - Buddhism
        
        more accurate
        description of reality
      - Western
        
        altered state of
        consciousness
    - - Reduction in density
        of amygdala
        
        Possible explanation for
        stress reduction
      - Increase in size of
        hippocampus, parts of
        the frontal lobes and areas
        associated to learning, memory,
        compassion, attention
      - Reduction in blood pressure
        and stress hormones
      - Increased positive emotions
        
        Due to changes in frontal
        lobe activity
  - - - drugs that create hallucinations
        or alter perceptions of external environment and inner awareness
      - Examples
        
        Mescaline
        
        LSD (acid)
        
        PCP (angel dust)
        
        Cannabis :four_leaf_clover:
        
        Active ingredient THC found in
        dried leaves, flowers and hashish
        
        THC induces dopamine production
        
        THC produces mind-altering effects by
        exploiting brain's natural reliance on THC
      - typically act on receptor sites for serotonin
    - - "Highly addictive drugs derived
        from the opium poppy that produce sense of well-being and strong pain-relieving"
      - Examples
        
        Morphine
        
        Codeine
        
        Heroin
        
        Methadone
        
        good substitute for heroin in addiction programs
      - Biology
        
        Opiates have special
        receptor sites in the brain
        
        Brain produces natural opiates (endorphins)
        which act as natural analgesics
    - - "drugs that slow mental and physical activity
        by inhibiting CNS activity"
      - Examples
        
        Barbiturates
        
        usually prescribed for sedatives
        and found in sleeping pills
        
        Interfere with REM sleep
        
        Overdose can lead to loss of consciousness,
        a comatose state and even death
        
        induce sleep
        
        Benzodiazepines
        
        anti-anxiety drugs like Xanax and Valium
        
        reduce anxiety
        
        Overdose can lead to poor muscle coordination,
        slurred speech, weakness and irritability
        
        Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety,
        muscle twitching and sensitivity to light and sound
        
        Alcohol
    - - "drugs that speed up CNS activity"
      - Effects
        
        increase concentration and
        reduce activity level
        
        Increase alertness and
        concentration
      - Examples
        
        Cocaine
        
        MDMA
        (ecstasy)
        
        energises users to dance for hours
        
        hyperthermia
        
        increased blood pressure and heart rate
        
        dehydration
        
        Nicotine
        
        Caffeine
        
        Amphetamines (Speed)
        
        ice falls under this category
- - - - REM
        
        Fast beta waves on EEG
        
        rapid eye movement
        
        after 10 mins returns to Stage 2