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Cynthia Jaimes Per.3 Skeletal - Coggle Diagram
Cynthia Jaimes Per.3 Skeletal
Bones
Thoracic Cage
Ribs
False ribs
Bottom 5 pairs don't reach the sternum directly
Floating ribs
Lowest 2 pairs don't attach to the sternum
True ribs
Top 7 pairs that connect to the sternum by their costal cartilages
Sternum
Breastbone, has 3 portions upper manubrium, middle body and xiphoid process
Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle
Collar bone, s-shaped bones on the base of the neck
Scapula
Shoulder blade, broad, triangular bones on both sides of the upper back
Vertebral Column (Spine)
Thoracic Vertebrae
Associated with the rib cage (12)
Lumbar Vertebrae
In the small back and supports the weight of the body are larger and stronger than the cervical and thoracic vertebrae (5)
Cervical Vertebrae
Makes up the neck and supports the head (7)
Upper limbs
Radias
Lateral forearm
Carpals
Wrist
Metacarpals
Palm
Ulna
Medial forearm
Humerus
Upper arm
Phalanges
Fingers
Hyiod Bone
Small U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue
Lower Limbs
Fibula
Lateral lower leg
Tarsals
Ankle
Metatarsals
Sole of the foot
Tibia
Shin bone
Phalanges
Toes
Femur
Thigh
Patella
Kneecap
Skull
Facial
Nasal
Bridge of the nose
Palatine
L-shaped bone located behind the maxillae
Form the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity and posterior portion of the hard plate
Mandible
Lower jaw
Supports the lower teeth
Inferior Nasal Concha
Fragile, scroll-shaped bones
Support mucous membranes in the nasal cavity
Zygomatic
Cheekbones
Lateral walls of the orbits
Lacrimal
Part of the medial walls of the orbits
Maxilla
Upper jaw
Hard plate, floor of the eye orbits, sides of the nasal cavity and house the upper teeth
Vomer
Makes up a portion of the nasal septum
Craninal
Pariteal
Bone on top of the skull
Temporal
Bone on the side and base
Spheniod
Base of the cranium, sides of skull, and portion of the eye socket
Occipital
Back of the head
Frontal
Forehead bone
Ethmoid
Front of ethmoid bone
Pelvic Girdle
Coccyx
Tailbone
Sacrum
Triangular structure at the base of the vertebral column
Coxal
Ischium
L-shaped, posterior portion, that supports weight during sitting
Pubis
Constitutes that anterior portion of each hip bone
Ilium
Largest and upper most portion of the hip bone
Sutures
Lambdoid suture
Joint between parietal, occipital and temporal bones
Sagittal suture
Joint between two parietal bones
Squamous suture
Joint between the temporal and parietal bones
Coronal suture
Joint between frontal and parietal bones
Joints
Functional Classification
Amphiarthrotic - slightly movable
Diarththrotic - freely movable
Synarthrotic - imovable
Structural Classification
Cartilaginous
Made of hyaline or fibrocartilage
Are slightly movable
Synovial
Has complex structures
Are freely movable
Fibrous
Made up of dense connective tissue
Mostly unmovable
Movement Pt.1
Hyperextension
Straightening beyond normal anatomical posistion
Tennis or gymnastics
Abdiction
Moving a body part away from the midline
Raising arm to shoulder joint or higher
Adduction
Moving a body part towards the midline
Having arms to the side
Dorsiflexion
Ankle movement that brings foot closer to the shin
Walking on your heels
Plantar Flexion
Ankle movement that moves the foot away from the shin
Walking on your toes
Lateral Flexion
Moving head towards the side
Bending the head, neck or trunk to the side
Extension
Straightening parts at a joint, angle between increases
Standing up
Flexion
Bending parts at a joint, angle between decreases
Doing a bicep curl
Rotation
Movement of a part around the axis
The movement you make when hitting a golf ball
Movement Pt.2
Supination
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing upward
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot medially
Pronation
Rotation of forearm so that the palm facing downward
Eversion
Turing the sole of the foot laterally
Circumduction
Movement of a part so its end follows a cricular path
Overarm tennis serve
Protraction
Moving a part of the body forward
Slouching
Retraction
Moving a part of the body backward
Standing up straight
Elevation
Raising a part of the body
Depression
Lowering a part of the body
Relaxed shoulders
Bone Remodeling
Osteoblasts
Bone-building cells that deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage
Osteoclasts
Bone-resorbing cells that break down the calcified matrix
Long Bone Structures Pt.2
Endosteum
Thin layer of cells that cover the medullary cavity
Medullary Cavity
Hollow chamber in the diaphysis
Compact Bone
Very tightly packed tissue that make up the walls of the diaphysis
Spongy Bone
Consist of many branching bony plates called trabeculae
Yellow Bone Marrow
Stores fat and occupies most cavities of bone in adults
In the medullary cavity
Red Bone Marrow
Formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
In the spongy bone of the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae and pelvis in adults
Types of Bones
Flat bones
Bones with a plate-like shape with a broad surface
Ribs, scapula and flattend skull bones
Irregular bones
Bones with varied shapes
Vertebrae and some facial bones
Short bones
Bones almost the same in length and width
Wrist and ankle bones
Sesamoid (rounded) bones
Small, nodular(round) bones that develop within the tendon, also a special type of small bone
Patella
Long bones
long bones with expanded ends
Arm and leg bones
Long Bones Structures Pt.1
Diaphysis
The shaft of the bone
Epiphysis
Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones
Periosteum
Tough layer of dense connective tissue
Covers the bone and continues with ligaments and tendons
Articular Cartilage
Covers the epiphyses
Smooth and white
Bone Fracture Repair
Fibrocarilaginous callus forms
Bony callus forms
Forming of hematoma
Bone remodeling
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Plane (gliding) Joint
Has a nearly flat or slightly curved surface and allows a sliding or twisting movement
Joints of wrist and ankle, between the vertebrae and sacroiliac joints
Hinge Joint
Convex surface of a bone fits into a concave surface of another and allows for back and forth movement
Elbow and joints between phalanges
Condylar (ellipsoidal) Joint
An ovoid condyle fitting into an ellipsoidal cavity, allows for back and forth and side to side movement (no rotation)
Joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Pivot (sellar) Joint
Cylinderical surface rotates within a ring of bones and ligaments and allows only a rotation movement
Joints between the dens of the axis and the atlas
Ball-and-socket Joint
Bone with a egg-shaped head articulating with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone and allows for movements in all planes
Shoulder and hip joints
Saddle (sellar) Joint
Between bones that have both concave and convex areas in their articulating surface and allows back and forth and side to side movement
The joints between the carpal and metacarpals of the thumb
Disorders/Diseases
Osteosarcoma
May have bone pain, limited movements or see swelling
Use chemotherapy, surgery or limb amputation
Caused by age, heredity and possible linkage to fluoridated water
Osteomyelitis
May have fever, pain at infection site or irritability
Use antibiotics, remove diseased bone or amputation
Caused by bacteria traveling from the bloodstream into bone, from puncture infection and primarily staphylococcus
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
May see easily fractured bones, muscle weakness or limb deformity and shorting
Use prescription medication to increase bone density, improve nutrition or it's sometimes uncurable
Caused by congenital mutation, frequent fractures and bone bowing seen in fetal ultrasound
Paget's Disease
May feel pain in bone depending on location, tingling or numbness in spine or bone deformity in legs or arms
Use medications, surgery or joint replacement
Caused by hereditary, possible viral infection or the exact cause is unknown
Osteoarthritis
May have tenderness, stiffness or loss of flexibility in bones
Use over-the-counter medication, physical therapy or cortisone injections
Caused by older age, bone deformities and a sedentary lifestyle
Differences between male and female skeleton
Males coccyx isn't that movable, females coccyx is movable for labor reasons
Males hip is heavier, than females
Males pelvis is narrower and heart-shaped, females is oval shaped and wider
Males pelvis has an angle less than 90 degrees and a females pelvis has an angle more than 90 degrees
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Lamellae
In a cylindrical tube called a central (haversian) canal
Extracellular matrix
Bone consists mainly of collagen and inorganic salts
Provides hardness and resistance to crushing in bones
Lacunae
Houses cells
In concentric circles of matrix called lamellae
Osteons
Helps with the bones strength, spread nutrients to the bones and remove waste
Osteocytes
Bone cells and pass nutrients and gases through the matrix via tiny canals called canaliculi
In the lacunae
Central canal
Have blood vessels and nerves
In the bone tissue
Perforating (volkmann’s) canals
Help osteons share blood supply and nerves
Interconnected with the central canals of adjacent osteons