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INDIA - MYANMAR
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by Atrishekhar - Coggle Diagram
INDIA - MYANMAR
by Atrishekhar
BACKGROUND
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border is highly porous, poorly guarded
nations share 1,600 km geographical land border and maritime boundary
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shares borders with 4 Indian states; Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India
The ties however deteriorated after the overthrow of Democracy in Myanmar in 1962 as India condemned the military coup.
The 1962 military coup led by General U Ne Win that marked the end of constitutional democracy in the country also damaged ties with India.
The inward orientation of the junta, repression of minorities and expulsion of foreigners – including ethnic Indians – created a rift between them.
India also supported Aung San’s family, especially his daughter, Aung San Suu Kyi, in their fight for democracy, and granted political asylum to former Prime Minister U Nu when he was exiled by the Ne Win regime.
At the same time, the countries maintained diplomatic relations. General Ne Win visited India in 1968, 1970 and 1980.
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Indo- Myanmar ties, however, witnessed a turnaround during the 1990s when India mooted the design East Policy with Myanmar
first general elections were held in 2011, which were boycotted by Suu Kyi's party.
Suu Kyi was prohibited from becoming the President because her late husband and children are foreign citizens. She then assumed the newly created role of State Counsellor
5B"S Buddhism, Business, Bollywood, Bharatnatyam, and Burma teak
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HIST
When British imperialists annexed what is today’s Myanmar during the 19th century, they called it Burma after the dominant Burman (Bamar) ethnic group, and administered it as a province of colonial India.
This arrangement continued until 1937, when Burma was separated from British India and made a separate colony.
Even after the country became independent in 1948, it retained the same name, becoming the ‘Union of Burma’.
While changing the country’s name, the military said that it was looking for a way to leave behind a name inherited from the colonial past, and adopt a new one which could unify all of its 135 officially recognised ethnic groups, and not just the Burman people.
IMPORTANCE
GEOSTRATEGIC
Important for India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ , ‘Act East Policy’, and Indo-Pacific
National security
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epicentre of local armed separatist groups ULFA,NSCN etc
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Bordering China, India and ASEAN and Bay of Bengal
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GEOPOLITICAL
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only Southeast Asian country that shares a land border with north-eastern India, stretching some 1,625 kilometres.
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India’s SAGAR Vision, India developed the Sittwe port in Myanmar’s Rakhine state (to counter) china"s Kyukphu port in rakhine
GEO ECONOMIC
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Energy Security:
Indian side proposed construction of a $ 6 billion petroleum refinery in Thanlyn area, near Yangon.
Rohingya-populated areas of Myanmar have large oil and natural gas reserves,
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Buddhism, Business, Bollywood, Bharatnatyam, and Burma teak— these are the five Bs that frame IndiaMyanmar relations in the popular imagination
GEOCULTURAL
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restoration of the Ananda
Temple in Bagan and the repair and conservation of a large number of damaged pagodas
India and Myanmar share close cultural ties and a sense of deep kinship,
CONFLICTS & ISSUES
Rising Chinese footprint
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Kyaukphyu port uncomfortably near the Andaman Island gives China the benefit of strategically containing India
China constructed a natural gas and oil pipeline from Kyaukphyu City in Myanmar’s Rakhine State to China’s Yunan region.
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NATIONAL SECURITY
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Infiltration
militants, illegal arms and drugs, is extremely porous.
Mgration
16,000 Myanmar specially chin tribe Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh in a desperate attempt to find a safe haven
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Geo-economic
Energy security
large oil and natural gas reserves,develoed by china
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cooperations
Commercial Cooperation
signing of the India-Myanmar trade agreement in 1970, bilateral trade has grown
steadily
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TRADE
Connectivity
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2018, two international entry/ exit points were inaugurated at Tamu-Moreh and Rih-Zowkhawthar
Trilateral Highway Project, which is an East-West corridor connecting our Northeast with
Myanmar and Thailand;
Development Cooperation
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India has already extended $2 billion in soft loans. It has offered to help Myanmar with developmental assistance in the areas it wants rather than be prescriptive.
India is also providing assistance in setting up institutions for higher learning and research, namely—the Myanmar Institute of Information Technology, etc.
Security cooperation
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Joint Naval Exercise ‘IMCOR’,
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2019, India and Myanmar signed a Defence Cooperation Agreement aimed at boosting military
engagemenT
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Institutional Mechanisms
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Boundary matters
Joint Boundary Working Group (JBWG) led by Joint Secretary (BM), MEA.
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Disaster Relief
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Following the cataclysmic cyclone ‘Nargis’, which hit Myanmar in May 2008, India responded immediately with relief materials and offers of assistance.
India provided assistance of US $1 million after a severe earthquake in the Shan State of Myanmar in March 2011.
RECENT
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Assam: Police recovers 9 exotic animals smuggled from Indonesia, Myanmar
Airstrikes by Myanmar's military have killed as many as 100 people, including many children, who were attending a ceremony held by opponents of army rule,
Sagaing region -- near the country's second-largest city, Mandalay -- has put up some of the fiercest resistance to the military's rule, with intense fighting raging there for months
The USA and Myanmar will hold joint military exercises with India at Meghalaya’s Umroi Cantonment later nov and December (VAJRA PRAHAR)
Myanmar’s most powerful ethnic armed alliances launched a coordinated attack on a dozen military outposts in northern Shan State, along the country’s eastern border with China.
Code-named Operation 1027, the plan is to assert and defend territory against Myanmar military incursions, eradicate “oppressive military dictatorship”, and combat online fraud along the border, according to a statement from its organisers, the Three Brotherhood Alliance.
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Made up of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), Ta’Ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) and Arakan Army (AA), the alliance is part of a coalition of seven ethnic armed organisations which maintain close ties with China and have bases or territories near the country’s border.
A particular target of the operation is the cyber-scamming industry that has boomed in autonomous militarised zones on Myanmar’s eastern border since the February 2021 military coup, generating billions of dollars for Chinese gangs working in collaboration with the Myanmar military, its proxies and other armed groups.
A United Nations report published in August found that an estimated 120,000 people had been trafficked into the industry in Myanmar, where they are forced to scam people around the world and are subject to abuses including torture, sexual violence and other forms of “cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment”.
Myanmar's membership of ASEAN, BIMSTEC, and Mekong Ganga Cooperation has introduced a regional/sub-regional dimension to bilateral relations and imparted added significance in the context of our "Act East" policy.
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