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''Good Defense'' - Coggle Diagram
''Good Defense''
Vaccinations
Mechanism
To initiate an immune response
Types
Killed or inactivated
Inactivated pathogen BUT maintained epitope
Live attenuated
Weakened microbe used
Toxoid
Inactivated toxins
Subunit
Fragment of a pathogen
mRNA
delivers mRNA using a lipid nanoparticle causing the cell to synthesize foreign proteins
Routes of Administration + Examples
Oral
Rotavirus vaccine
Intranasal
Live attenuated influenza vaccine
Intramuscular
Hepatitis A vaccine
Subcutaneous
Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine
Intradermal
BCG vaccine
Intravenous
Currently under Study
Immunizations
Passive Immunity
It is:
The administration of antibodies or serum-containing serum to a host
Examples:
immunoglobulin Injections
IgG crossing the placenta
IgA through breast feeding
Active Immunity
It is:
Stimulation of an immune response due to a challenge with an immunogen
Through:
Natural Immunization
Antibodies
are protective proteins produced by the immune system also referred to as immunoglobulins
Structure
Two light chains
Variable rejoin encoded by Variable and joining DNA segments
Constant region encoded by either kappa or lambda
two heavy chains
Variable region encoded by variable, diversity and joining gene segments
Constant region only encoded by different types of heavy chain that specify the Ig class
Synthesis
Light Chain
somatic gene recombination of V - J and lambda or kappa
Somatic hyper mutation and affinity maturation occur in germinal follicles of lymph nodes to choose the best B-cells and antibodies randomly synthesized with the highest affinity
Heavy Chain
somatic gene recombination of V-D-J and Heavy gene subclass
classes
IgM: first to be secreted in infections
IgA secreted in secretions
IgD on the surface of cells
IgG memory antibodies
IgE involved in allergic reaction
Action of Its
opsonization of bacteria
enhance phagocytosis
enhance the complement response
Neutralization of toxin
Post exposure prophylaxis
similar to treatment of pertussis infection antimicrobials and antitoxins
P-IGIV is an option with severe symptoms
Given to anyone close to the primary infected person
Antibiotics
Ampicillin
Spectrum
Covers gram negative and gram positive bacteria
Administration
intravenous
orally
intramuscular
Class
Cell wal synthesis inhibitors
Penicillins
Aminopenicillins
Chloramphenicol
Spectrum
Against gram positive and gram negative
Administration
Intravenously
Topical
Oral
Eye/ear drop
Ointment
Class
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Chloramphenicol
Mechanism of action
Inhibit peptidyl transferase
Inhibit protein synthesis
Binds to 50s ribosomal subunit
Azithromycin
Spectum
Both gram + and gram -
Mechanism of action
1- Binds to 50s ribosomal subunit
2-inhibit the translocation of
newly synthesized peptidyl tRNA
to p site
3- inhibit protein synthesis or transpeptidation
Class
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Macrolides
Administration
Available intravenously
Mostly orally
.
Factors to consider when prescribing drugs
Host status
Identification of organism
Drug factors
Sensitivity of organism to antibiotics
Site of infection
Diagnostic microbiology
Why ?
To identify and confirm the type of infection patient has
Tests for bordtella pertussis
Microscopy
Light microscopes
Electron microscopes
Culture
Regan Lowe agar
Bordet gengou agar
White or grey colonies
Mercury drops/ bisected pearls
PCR
Primer hybridization (55-65 degrees)
Primer extension (72 degrees)
Denaturation (95 degrees)
Serology
Detect the antibodies in the sample
After adding pertussis toxin (PT)
Immunity (innate vs. Adaptive)
Adaptive
Humoral/cellular
B- cell produces antigenes
Antigene specific
Has memory
Innate
Non specific
PRR receptors
Nod like
Toll like
C-type
First line of defence
Activated by PAMPs/DAMPs
Interplay between both
APC initiates the adaptive immunity
microbiota
function
they defend their territory and inhibit the establishment of other patnogenic microbes
is
community of microbes thalive in and on an individual.
upper respiratory tract infection
is
when a pathogen enters upper respiratory tract.
example
pertussis
complications
infections(otitis media)
neurological (encephalopathy)
respiratory(pneumonia)
caused by
bordetella pertussis
which is
small ovoid bacilli
aerobic
gram negative (-)
small in size
pathogenesis
adhere and colonize to ciliated respiratory epithethelial cells
secrete toxins to cause ciliary stasis
transmitted via cough and cantaminated surfaces
damage ciliated epithelium and narrowing occurs.
stages of infection
paroxysmal stage
convalescent stage
catarrhal stage
incubation (asymptomatic)
alternative and complementary therapies
complementary
is used along with the standard medical treatment but it not considered by itself to be standard treatment.
alternative
is used instead of standard medical treatment.
Primary prevention
Health promotion
High risk
Examples
Good hygiene
Good nutrition
Vaccines
