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FOOD PRODUCTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Causes of food insecurity, Restoring…

- - - - More-developed countries
        
        Low-protein, high carbohydrate, vegetarian diet consisting mainly of grain
      - Less-developed countries
        
        Heavy diet on cheap food loaded with fats, sugar, salt
  - - - Occurs when food energy intake exceeds energy use and causes excess body fat
      - Causes
        
        greater susceptibility to disease and illness
        
        lower productivity and life quality
        
        lower life expectancy
- - - - Second major producing system
      - Half from livestock grazing on grass in unfenced rangelands & enclose pastures
      - The other : industrialized factory farm system
    - - Third major food-producing
      - Raising fish & shellfish in in freshwater ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and rice paddies, and
        in underwater cages in coastal and deeper ocean waters
      - Catch wild fish
- - - - Saving people from insect transmitted disease
      - Reducing food loss -> food supplies go up
      - Crop yields & farming profits increase
      - New pesticides are safer, more effective & work faster, with the right use -> lower health risks
    - - Pesticide resistance in pest organisms
      - Reducing effectiveness when used in the long term
        -> cost more, profit less
      - Kill the pest’s natural enemies
      - Both wildlife and human health are affected
      - Inefficient application causes pollution
    - - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
      - U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
      - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
      - The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
      - VN: Law on Plant Protection and Quarantine (Luật Bảo vệ và kiểm dịch thực vật 2013)
- - - - Circulating aquaculture systems
      - Open-ocean aquaculture
    - - Shifting from less grain-efficient forms of animal protein to more grain forms
      - Supporting free-range animal operations that use manure to fertilize the soil
- - - - Removes 70% of fresh water from surface sources and aquifers
      - Uses 38% of the world’s ice-free land
      - Emits 25% of all greenhouse gas emissions
      - Produces 60% of all water pollution
  - - - By nature
        
        Flowing water
        
        Wind loosens and blows away topsoils particles
      - By people
        
        Farming, deforestation
        
        Overgrazing exposes land
    - - Loss of soil fertility
      - Topsoil pollution of surface waters -> kill fish and clog reservoirs and lakes
      - Releases the soil’s carbon content
  - - - Stunt crop growth
      - Ruin the land
      - Lower crop yields
  - - - Lower the productivity of crop plants
      - Damages the land