paradigm
positivists believe valid knowledge can be generated only from objective empirical observation experienced through the senses and carried out according to the scientific method. 客观的实证观察
positivism cannot fully account for the subjective nature of human reasoning and choices. eg. values and attitudes
what we can legitimately acquire knowledge about and how we acquire that knowledge --> understanding the principles and assumptions of scientific research (philosophy)
理解科学研究的原理和假设能够帮助我们决定能够获取什么知识和如何获取知识
ontology本体论: what exists in the human world that we can acquire knowledge about? 我们能够获得什么知识
epistemology认识论: how do we create knowledge? 我们如何创造知识
objectivism 客观主义
constructionism 建构主义
theoretical perspective: what is the philosophical orientation 哲学定位of the researcher that guides their action/ research?
application: to predict
positivism: natural science methods (posit, observe, derive logical truths) can be applied to the social sciences实证主义:自然科学方法(假设，观察，推导逻辑真理)可以应用于社会科学
post-positivism: multiple methods are necessary to identify a valid belief because all methods are imperfect 后实证主义:需要多种方法来确定一个有效的信念，因为所有的方法都是不完美的
structuralism: the source of meaning comes from the formal structure found in language and can apply to all aspects of human culture
结构主义:意义的来源来自于语言中的形式结构，可以适用于人类文化的所有方面
applicationL to understand
(social) constructivism:
meaning making of reality is an activity of the individual mind
(社会)建构主义:
现实的意义创造是个体思维的活动
interpretivism:
natural science methods cannot apply to social science; interpretations of reality are culturally derived & historically situated
解释主义:
自然科学的方法不能应用于社会科学;对现实的解释源于文化和历史背景
hermeneutics:
hidden meaning (of language) exists in texts, practices, events & situations, beneath apparent ones
诠释学:
(语言的)隐含意义存在于文本、实践、事件和情境中，而在显性意义之下
phenomenology:
the essence of human experience of phenomena is only understood when the researcher separates their own experiences
现象:
人类对现象的经验的本质只有在研究者将自己的经验分离出来时才能被理解
symbolic interactionism:
the researcher must take the position of those researched (interaction) by sharing language & other tools (symbols)
符号互动论:
研究者必须通过分享语言和其他工具(符号)来站在被研究对象的立场上(互动)。
application: to emancipate or liberate
critical theory:
research & theory should be used to change situations (focus on power relations, critiques assumptions & evolves)
批判理论:
研究和理论应该用来改变情况(关注权力关系，批评假设和发展)
emancipatory:
the subjects of social inquiry should be empowered
解放:
应当赋予社会调查的主体权力
advocacy or participatory:
politics & political agendas should be accounted for
倡导或参与:
政治和政治议程应该被考虑在内
feminism:
the world is patriarchal & the culture it inherits is masculine
女权主义:
世界是父权的，它所继承的文化是阳刚的
application: to deconstruct
post-structuralism:
different languages & discourses divide the world & give it meaning
后结构主义:
不同的语言和话语划分世界并赋予它意义
post-modernism:
truth claims are socially constructed to serve interests of particular groups, methods are equally distrusted; might not be possible to arrive at any conclusive definition of reality
后现代主义:
真理的主张被社会建构起来服务于特定群体的利益，方法同样不被信任;也许不可能对现实做出任何结论性的定义