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Participatory Design, Prosjekt: Skattemelding - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Thoughtful design is needed since the design challenges we face today are more complex than ever. Research and experience provides us with more and more knowledge and information. But rapid technological development prevents us from experimenting with and learning about all the new possibilities created by new technology and new knowledge. Consequently, designers today have to deal with a reality marked by complexity and change. It is essential that members of the design discipline collectively find appropriate forms for growing and nurturing design knowledge. We believe such a demand can only be met by an approach based on a foundation of design thoughtfulness. PREFACE
      - Lowgren og Stolterman believes that the design process is too complex and diverse to fully be generalised. At the same time they do understand the importance for designers to have frameworks and mdoels to help plan and organise. her work. All this leads to the conclusion that in order to be able to “use” explicit theories and models, the designer has to remain critical. The designer needs to be critical toward any description of the design process, and to appropriate aspects of it rather than adopt it completely. This is the thoughtful design stance
- - - - The way we work with values is centred on dialogue. Jones et al. (2007) argue that dialogue is a crucial element in PD. Just like Jones et al., we adopt dialogue- whereby a person in dialogue ‘may prefer a certain position but does not hold to it non-negotiably’. However, ‘in ordinary discussions, people usually hold relatively fixed positions and argue in favor of their views as they try to convince others to change.
      - a core task for designers is to facilitate and orchestrate this dialogue. And as we will illustrate later, values do not progress stepwise in one direction towards their grounding, but rather the emergence, development and grounding of values occur recursively over the course of the design process.
- - - - “Having a say” includes having the opportunity to speak up, as well as having genuine influence on the outcome of an activity. To ensure this, users need to be informed and to be given the chance to form an opinion and get the opportunity to express it. Enabling users to have a say shapes the PD design process and is an essential part of every activity in it (Bratteteig et al., 2013).
  - - - Many choices in design are technical features based on technically grounded imagination. In PD, some of the choices emerge from ethnographic accounts of use practices and the ways that the different participants "read" them. Other choices open up while participants together engage in imagining possible futures.
      - In PD one helps participants widen their choices rather than close on the problem/solution too earliy. Focusing on openness and miltiplicity. This is critical to PD, but differs in how it is done.
      - FLORENCE / HOSPITAL (NURSES): For example a PD project with nurses in a hospital. The fieldwork helped identify problems that may be solved with IT. The Nurses got trained on imagining and exploring how IT could support their work and got hansd on experiences with new interfaces. These activities and their experience combined enabled the nurses to make choices for design, incuding inventory, procedure lists and lab communication.
      - SISOM - HEALTHY CHILDREN REPRESENTING VERY ILL CHILDREN - REPORTING SYMPTOMS: A mobile app called Sisom for reporting symptoms before meeting a doctor was developed. The children acted as experts on how children talk about symptoms. They sketched, drew and told stories and created ideas about how to represent symptoms and navigate the system in a fun way. However, the designers chose the ideas and polished them beautifully before presenting them back to the children who then were "seduced" to make and confirm in certain choices.
- - - - it helps to look back at how PD started!
        
        the industry and the poeple working there, vs the management
        
        knowledge equalizing between the "leaders" and the "workers on the floor"
    - - the designers need to understand what the workers work is like
        
        the participants needs to understand how to work as designers in a sense
        
        convergence / divergence etc: most people are not used to looking at things like this
    - - • different understanding on how to solve the problem
        
        • different understanding of the problem
        
        • alternative ways of perceiving and finding solutions
- - - - Schön’s notion of ‘move experiments’ captures some aspects of decision-making in design (Schön, 1995). A move experiment includes the designer’s evaluation of a situation, a move to change it, and an evaluation of the move. ‘Seeing-moving-seeing’ is a process, in which problems are set and solutions are found and evaluated.
      - Schön addresses the important insight that what we call a ‘decision’ is an integral part of design practice.
- - - - Looking at the workshops as a whole, we felt like we did a good job at building design decision competence for both us and the participant group. Comparing with Maartmann-Moe et al. (2022) and their presentation of how to build design decision competence, we:
      - developed an understanding of the situational context the design result will be a part of during the future workshop, and through discussions in the remaining workshops
      - gave every participant the possibility to understand, bring in and create one’s own design ideas during multiple exercises where they worked on their own ideas, sketches and questions, and then discussed them in plenum afterwards
      - gave every participant the possibility to engage in concretizing the ideas by deciding on materials and forms of the final design result, by group discussions during the making activities
      - developed an understanding for the consequences of design decisions for use by discussing in group, with input from a domain expert, what these consequences could be
- - - - positivt: de føler seg mer komfortable siden de kjenner oss fra før av
      - bias kan oppstå fra begge parters side / kan gjøre det vanskeligere å skape en nøytral situasjon i ws -ene
    - - hjalp at vi ikke hadde et sensitivt tema- de trengte ikke gå inn i detaljer på hva de fylte inn i skjemaet for å snakke om hvordan de fylte ut skjemaet