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How to write your introduction - Coggle Diagram
How to write your introduction
Conclusion and implication
PhD thesis writing process = a scientific & scholarly piece of work, having fulfilled all the above stipulated scientific conditions = a pre-determined & globally standardized format & outline
Objectives
describe PhD thesis writing process
assist PhD candidates to understand what PhD means
help PhD candidates in writing scientifically correct PhD thesis
How to write your research questions
Writing research questions
choose a topic that interests you & your readers
show research questions to your supervisor before going into details
Why do researchers ask question?
Help focus on the topic under investigation
help focus on the important issues in the thesis
Guide the researcher to find suitable answers to solve the research problem
help find answers for the research hypotheses
Contribution of your research
What is so called "body of knowledge"?
A complete system whereby all professionals, scholars & scientists contribute collectively their expertise & skills
Examples that you strive to prove contribution
Challenge the findings & prove or disprove the original research
your research must be scientifically valid: verifiable; re-do-able; challengeable by other researchers
Problem statement
correctly
scientifically
What is a hypothesis?
Common types of hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (H0)
Alternative Hyphothesis (H1)
How do you test your hypothesis?
choose the type of hypothesis you want to test
determine the sample size of the selected population to test
collect your data
determine the significance level
compare your P-value to see the significance level
make a decision whether toaccept or reject your hypothesis
Why do we need a hypothesis?
assist the researcher in the collection of rerlevant data
contribute to the validation of a theory & may even strengthen it
help focus on specific issues & lead to investigate what your are supposed to investigate
lead to a meaningful conclusion
help collect & apply relevant data
help save time & resources
direct the researcher in the quest for new knowledge
find out whether the assumption is true/false
help validate research activity
Errors in hypothesis
Type I Error
Type II Error
Introduction
Definition of research
A premeditated investigation using scientific methodology to solve a serious problem
An inquiry of reality about something by testing a hypothesis, answering questions, generating new queries, finding solutions, & creating new knowledge
Methodology
Type of introductions
1) Illusion 2) Analogue 3) Narrative 4) Descriptive 5) Definition 6) Example 7) Question 8) Statistic 9) Quotation
what is an introduction statement?
a declaration of your topic & a claim of how you are going to prove or disprove your problem
Writing a good thesis statement
Know what your readers anticipate & provide them w/ answers
Challenge your peers about the severity o fthe research problem & put forward your proposal for a solution
Capture the attention of your reader
Organize existing evidence relevant to the problem & interpret it clearly & logically
Make an assertion about your style of interpretation
Roadmap for developing your introduction
1) write clearly 2) be precise & concise in your introduction 3) state your problem statement clearly & explain why the problem is worthy of investigation 4) state your objectives clearly 5) state your hypothesis & explain briefly how you world test it 6) keep the best for the last
How to write your problem statement
Thesis problem statement must seek to answer the following questions
What is the problem?
Where is the problem?
How can the problem be solved?
Why do you want to solve the problem?
Is the problem a current issue?
Will the problem persist if it is not solved?
Who are affected adversely by the problem?
Will this problem prove or disprove existing knowledge?
Tips for writing the introduction
1) state problem to be investigated 2) identify the party affected by the problem 3) explain how you plan to solve the problem 4) convince the reader that you are qualified & equpped w/ the right methods of solving that problem 5) highlight the benefits of sloving the problem 6) tell the reader what results you anticipate
Importance of the problem statement
highlights the importance of your thesis topic
creates interest among researchers
adds new knowledge
identifies a gap in the literature
indicates a need for future research
stimulates thinking about what else is required to solve future related problems
Introduction writing process
1) consult sup 2) familiarize yourself w/ style of thesis writing 3) decide on the word length 4) learn more about referencing styles 5) make sure you have all the necessary info for the ref section 6) learn about indexing of your thesis
Selection of a research problem
1) Interest 2) Knowledge 3) Conceptual framework 4) Date availability
Some don'ts when writing a problem statement
nothing has been written about your research problem
you aren't qualified
so difficult or complex
your search isn't challengeable & won't bring practical benefits, doesn't contribute to society, and won't bridge the knowledge gap