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Digestion - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Teeth - Uvula - Tongue
      - The mouth is the entrance to the digestive tract. It leads to the pharynx
    - - The parynx is a muscular tube that connects the digestive system to the respiratory system. It has a flap called the epiglottis which covers the glottis. This stops food from entering the respiratory system
      - Pharynx - Epiglottis
  - - - The oesophagus is a muscular tube around 25 cm long. It conects the pharynx with the stomach
      - Pharynx - Trachea - Oesophagus
    - - The stomach is connected to the oesophagus via a sphincter called the cardias, and to the small intestine via the pylorus. The inner layer of the stomach has many gastric glands that secrete mucus and gastric acid.
      - Cardias - Mucus - Gastric acid - Pylorus
      - The stomach has three layers of muscle that allow it to perform movements to mix food and gastric acid.
      - The stomach capacity is 1.5 liters. But when we eat it stretches, so much so that it can double in size.
      - When food reaches the stomach, it is compressed every 20 seconds to mix it. Food spends up to 4 hours in the stomach.
  - - - The small intestine starts at the pylorus and ends at the ileocaecal valve, where it joins the large intestine. It reaches 7 or 8 meters long
      - Pulorus - Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum - Ileocaecal valve
      - The inside of the small intestine is covered with projections called intestinal villi. Cells have this deformation so that they can absorb more nutrients
    - - The largen intestine starts at the ileocal valve connecting with the small intestine. It absorbs water and some vitamins. It reaches 1,5 meters long
      - Appendix - Ileocaecal valve - Ascending colon - Transverse colon - Descending colon - Rectum
  - - - The anus is the sphincter where the digestive tract opens to the outside
      - Rectum - Internal sphincter - External sphincter - Anal canal
- - - - Jaws, teeth and lips move food into the digestive track
        Mastication: The incisors tear the food and the molars crush it
        Insalivation: Food is mixed with saliva helped by jaws and tongue, forming a food bolus. Saliva starts chemical digestion
        
        Deglution: The tongue pushes the bolus back to the pharynx, forcing the epiglotis to close the trachea. The bolus passes into the oesophagus and is moved downwards in a moving process called persitalsis
  - - - The entering of the bolus simulates the production of gastric acid and the stomach starts to move
        The food is mixed with the acid producing a highly acid paste called chyme
        
        Once the gastric digestive process is finished, the pylorus opens and the chyme moves into the small intestine
  - - - Pancreatic juice neutralises acidic chyme and starts chemical digestion of fats, proteins and carbohydrates
      - Bile helps to digest fats by breaking them up and turning them into small droplets more easily absorbed
      - Intestinal juice also helps with the chemical digestion of nutrients
  - - - Undigested substances that have not been absorbed move through the ilocaecal valve into the large intestine
        Water and some B vitamins and vitamin K are reabsorbed here
  - - - Faeces are moved through the descending colon and to the rectum by peristalis, and excreted via the anus
- - - - Dental tartar is the mineralization and accumulation of the bacterial plaque, which is formed by the bacteria that live in the mouth
        It can cause bad breath, tooth decay, or gingivitis and it is removed by a dental cleaning
    - - Tooth enamel is destroyed by acids produced by the bacteria that brakes down food fragments stuck between teeth
        Tooth decay causes cavities to form, and bacteria here can destroy the teeth
    - - It is the inflammation of the gums caused by vitamin deficiencies or poor dental hygiene
        It can cause tooth sensivity, bleeding and tooth loss
  - - - They are cholesterol and mineral salt deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts
        They prevent bile from entering the intestine
    - - Hepatitis is the inflamation of the liver caused by a viral infection, consumption of alcohol or drugs, or abuse of prescription medication
        It causes vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
    - - It causes similar symptoms to hepatitis, as well as frequent internal bleeding and a swollen abdomen
        For liver disease to appear, a daily alcohol consumption of between 30-60 g/day in men and 20-40 g/day in women is necessary for a period of more than 10 years
    - - Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which there is poor control of the blood glucose level
      - Glucose is needed by mitochondria in our cells to produce energy and it needs to be in an specific concentration in our blood
        
        Hyperglycemia: High concentration of glucose in blood. It is asymptomatic but in the long term it can break nerves and capillaries and cause cardiovascular problems
        
        Hypoglycemia: Low concentration of glucose in blood. Its effects are quickly noticeable and include dizziness, blurred vision, cold sweat, tremors, and loss of consciousness
      - Glucose concentration is regulated in our blood by two hormones produced by the pancreas
        
        Insulin: It is "the key" that opens the cell membrane to introduce glucose inside it.
        It lowers the concentration of glucose in blood
        
        Glucagon: It stimulates the production and release of glucose from the cells to the blood.
        It increases the concentration of glucose in blood
      - Problems in the control of glucose blood level leads to a disease called diabetes, of which there are several types
        
        Type 1 diabetes: It mainly affects children and adolescents. It is an autoimmune disease in which the body detects the pancreas as foreign and destroys it. Thus, there is no insulin production.
        It has to be treated administraiting insuline and having a healthy nutrition
        
        Type 2 diabetes: It is more common in obese adults. The panccreas does work but there is resistance to insulin, so it does not work weel.
        It is treated with medication that lowers glucose levels, exercise and diet