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01 HUMANISM AND KNOWLEDGE, His main works were In Praise of Folly and…
01 HUMANISM AND KNOWLEDGE
1 HUMANISM
Humanism was a cultural movement that began in the 14th century. It developed fully in the 15th and 16th centuries, in the rich city-states of the northern part of the Italian Peninsula. These city-states had a flourishing economy and a rich artistic heritage.
Humanists developed an anthropocentric world view as an alternative to the God-centred world view of medieval Christians. Humans and their intelligence became the main concerns of the humanists, although they were still devoted to the Christian faith. The main characteristics of Humanism are:
ANTHROPOCENTRISM
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Humans were at the centre of historical events. Compared to medieval ways of thinking, Humanism was an individualist movement. Humans were considered capable of making decisions using reason and intelligence.
THE REVIVAL OF ANTIQUITY
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The humanist scholars Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio studied antiquity. They revised classical thinking in order to make it compatible with Christian values.
THE LOVE OF KNOWLEDGE
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Humanists believed that a person’s prestige not only depended on their wealth and power, but also on their education.
Humanists were experts in various fields. Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, but he also studied anatomy, botany and mechanics.
Humanists encouraged the use of Latin and Greek.
CARDINAL CISNEROS
Cardinal Cisneros set up the University of Alcalá de Henares as a centre of theology, a study revived by the humanists.
Due to his influence, Humanism had a clear Christian character in Castilla.
SIR THOMAS MORE
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Sir Thomas More was an important English lawyer and author. He defended the right of the individual conscience against the power of the state. In his book Utopia, he described a society based on egalitarian principles, where there was no private property, and the government was elected democratically.
ERASMUS OF ROTTERDAM
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Erasmus of Rotterdam was born in the Netherlands. He criticised the vices of society, especially those at the heart of the Church. He called for reform based on an individual’s freedom of choice.
THE SPREAD OF KNOWLEDGE
Humanist ideas and knowledge spread more rapidly in the Modern Age than in the Middle Ages, when knowledge was spread through books written by hand, mostly by clergymen in monasteries.
Modern cartography also began. Maps were created based on the world map drawn by Gerardus Mercator, in 1569. Mercator’s map showed all the lands discovered up until that date. Straight lines called parallels and meridians were used to locate any point in the world.
During this period, it was established that the Earth was spherical.
GEOGRAPHY
the development of pharmacology by Swiss physician Paracelsus.
the theory of pulmonary circulation of blood by Miguel Servet
the treaty of anatomy by Vesalius, who was born in Flanders
Although there was widespread opposition to clinical trials, the following advances were made:
MEDICINE
His main works were In Praise of Folly and Adagia.
