Introduction
Background of Issue ✅
⭐ WE as a powerful paradigm in explaining the global spread of English (Matsuda, 2019; Matsuda & Matsuda, 2017).
💥: accpeting the pluricentricity of English (Bolton, 2019, Galloway, 2017)
adopting local culture (Kirkpatrick, 2014)
grasping a sense of being global (Bamgboe, 2001)
💥 the concept develops in a non-linear way
Kachru's world Englishes
Smith's EAIL
Jenkins' ELF
Jenkin's GE
Recognizes a variety of English that represents the identity and cultural representations of countries in the Outer Circle
Indian Englishes and the Outer Circle Englishes are independent and have established stable norms
has helped to legitimize indigenized varieties of English and demonstrate the systemic nature of the linguistic, social, and pragmatic features they exhibit.
Development of Kachru's ideas
challenged long-established monolithic views towards
(mostly taken from Sadeghpour, M., & D’Angelo, J. (2022)
the ownership of English
legitimacy of the emergent varieties
the political matters involved in using EIL.
issues of identity
initiated by Larry Smith's English as International Auxiliary Language (EIAL) in 1976
English belongs to all speakers from various backgrounds (McKay, 2002)
Promotes the global status of English and its detachment from specific nations or cultures (Seidlhofer, 2003, p. 8)
EIL is a more inclusive paradigm than WE (Sharifian, 2013). .
it not only embraces WE
investigates cultural and linguistic aspects of interactions in Englishes
explore Englishes and interaction between Englishes from all three circles.
Jenkins was the co-author of ELF in 2000
Jenkins felt strongly that ELF could be a more encompassing paradigm than WE
the author of Global Englishes
ELF looks more deeply into the use of English by Expanding Circle speakers, especially in mixed/international contexts
Jenkins was searching for an umbrella term for the various pluralistic paradigms (WE, EIL, ELF), that is Global Englishes
GE is growing influence on the field of pluralistic approaches to English
The scholars under the Centre for Global Englishes at Southampton consistently presenting GE as a new umbrella term to subsume EIL, WE, and ELF.
GE is more inclusive paradigm than ELF
It embraces both the so-called native and non-native Englishes and the interaction between them.
GE also recognises all three Kachruvian Circle Englishes as legitimate
argues that they all should be treated equally (Jenkins, 2011)
GE has emerged as a proposed umbrella term for these various paradigms, and with its establishment closely related to ELF scholars
Posthumanist world Englishes (Wee, 2021)
the value of thinking in terms of assemblages
posthumanist approach to world Englishes
see that language constructions are unstable, changes over time
shared understandings are based on speakers' interpretations which are unstable and changing over time
there is no established assemblages
there is no final point
the boundaries are contingent
🌻 creating a sense of interest
pedagogical implications of pluricentric view of English
linguistic norms are taken from three Circles, including the Expanding Circles (Jenkins, 2011) (Sadeghpour & D' Anglo (2022)
native speakers of English are all English speakers regardless their country of origin (Higgins, 2009; Widdowson, 1994; Tupas, 2015)
local educators should be recognized when designing and impelementing approproriate pedagogies (McKay, 2002; Matsuda, 2012)
teachers should make use of their local values in designing teaching materials (Mewald &.., 2019)
one of the emerging issues, but underexplored is teachers' religious identitiy issues