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Morphology Jaemin - Coggle Diagram

- - - - un likeli er
      - pre conceiv (e) ed
    - - en large ment
    - - re strain
- - - - Slowly, he walked down the street.
      - He slowly walked down the street
      - He walked slowly down the street.
      - He walked down the street slowly.
    - - Nothing can be inserted between its elements.
      - It cannot be cut into smaller parts without a disturbance of meaning.
      - E.g
        
        a lion (a word group) => a living/ dead/ cruel lion
        
        alive (a word) => indivisible
  - - - consist of a single free morpheme
        
        slay, flea, long, spirit, family, Connecticut
    - - contain either two bound forms (C-BB) or a bound and a free form (C-FB).
        
        matri/cide, tele/vise, bio/logy (C-BB)
        
        lion/ess, eras/er, de/central/ize, tele/phone (C-FB)
    - - A compound word is two or more words linked together to produce a word with a new meaning:
        
        animal + lover = animal lover (open written form)
        
        tooth + brush = toothbrush (closed written form)
        
        ill + treat + -ed = ill-treated (hyphenated written form)
      - have two or more free morphemes as their ICs
        
        green/ house
        
        out/ side
      - Implied grammatical structure:
        
        S + V earthquake, crybaby, rainfall
        
        V + O killjoy, know-all, shoe-polish
        
        V + Av-al stopover, downpour
        
        S + be + Aj-al high chair
        
        S + be + N-al girlfriend
        
        S + be + Av-al in-group
        
        PP extrasensory
        
        Adj modified by a PP carefree
        
        Coordination give-and-take
      - Compound words (Cd) # Grammatical Structure (GS)
        
        (1) Compound words cannot be divided by any insertion between two parts.
        
        She is a sweetheart (Cd). => indivisible b/t “sweetheart”
        
        She has a sweet heart (Gs). => She has a sweet and kind heart.
        => She has a sweeter heart than her sister
        
        (2) An element of a compound cannot participate in a grammatical structure.
        
        We can say: It was a very hard ball
        
        We cannot say: It was a very baseball.
        
        (3) Compound nouns have “primary-secondary stress pattern” while grammatical structures don’t.
        
        'drinking water (Cd) # running 'water (Gs)
- - - - play/playing/ played/ playe
      - book/ books/ booklet
      - beauty/ beautiful/ beautify
    - - This means that they cannot substitute for each other
      - We cannot replace one allomorph of a morpheme by another allomorph of that morpheme and change the meaning."
      - E.g
        
        read, readable
        
        book, books
        
        {-s pl} in hats, bags, boxes
        
        {-s pl} = /-s/ ~ /-z/ ~ /-iz/
  - - - When the phonological environment determines which allomorph is used, the selection of the allomorph is phonologically conditioned
      - The allomorphs are conditioned by phonetic feature of the preceding sounds.
      - E.g
        
        The {-D pt} or {-D pp}= /-id/ ~ /-t/ ~ /-d/
        
        [wanted, cooked, behaved]
    - - The selection is conditioned by a particular morpheme forming the context;
      - We can describe the environment that requires a certain allomorph by identifying specific morphemes.
      - read/ read (pt)/ reading/ readable
        
        I read through the book last night
        
        I can't read your untidy writing.
        
        She's reading a story to her children.
        
        The lettering on the front of the building is no longer readable.
  - - - To signify some difference in meaning, something is added to a word.
        
        played, thinking, children, mother’s, ex-wife, enlarge
    - - To signify some difference in meaning, a sound is used to replace another sound in a word.
        
        drink → drank /dræŋk/ = /driŋk/ + /i =>æ/
        
        build → built /bju:lt/ = /bjuld/ + /d => t/
    - - To signify some difference in meaning, there is no change in the shape of a word.
        
        hurt – hurt (past simple)
        
        sheep – sheep (irregular plural noun)
- - - - It’s a word/ a part of word with meaning
      - It’s indivisible
      - It occurs in different verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning.
  - - - Free
      - Bound
    - - Bases
        
        Free base
        
        Bound base
      - Affixes
        
        Inflectional
        
        Inflectional Suffixes, Inflectional Infixes
        
        Derivational
        
        Derivational Prefixes, Derivational Suffixes
  - - - An affix is a bound morpheme occurring before, within, or after a base/ word.
    - - Inflectional affixes
        
        The schema of the Inflectional affixes: [1]: pp.95
        
        {-s pl}: dogs, oxen, mice noun plural
        
        {-s sg ps}: boy’s, girl’s noun singular possessive
        
        {-s pl ps}: boys’, girls’ noun plural possessive
        
        {-s 3d}: vacates, walks present third-person sing.
        
        {-ING vb}: discussing, talking present participle
        
        {-D pt}: chewed, rode past tense
        
        {-D pp}: chewed, eaten past participle
        
        {-ER cp}: bolder, nearer comparative
        
        {-EST sp}: boldest, nearest superlative
        
        Characteristics
        
        Do not change the part of speech,
        
        Come last in a word,
        
        Go with all stems,
        
        Do not pile up, only one ends a word.
        
        Inflectional affixes (suffixes) are known as grammatical affixes/ morphemes because they change the grammatical functions of words.
      - Derivational affixes:
        
        Characteristics
        
        The words with which derivational suffixes combine is an arbitrary matter.
        
        Derivational suffixes change the parts of speech of the words.
        
        Derivational suffixes do not close off the words.
        
        Derivational suffixes are known as lexical affixes/ morphemes because they have the lexical functions to change the word meaning or forms.
    - - {-er cp}, {-er n}, {-er rp}
      - e.g. bigger, singer, flutter
      - {-ing vb}, {-ing nm}, {-ing aj}
      - e.g. waiting, painting, charming
      - {-ed pp}, {-ed aj}
      - e.g. waited, devoted
      - {-ly, aj}, {-ly, av}
      - e.g. manly, carefully
    - - -e fiancé fiancée
      - -ette farmer farmerette
      - -ine hero heroine
      - -ess tiger tigress
    - - The morphemes convey a meaning of smallest or endearment or both
        
        –ie, -i, -y auntie, Willy
        
        –kin, -ikin, --kins lambkin, manikin
        
        –let booklet, starlet
        
        –et circlet
        
        –ling duckling, darling
        
        –ette dinette, towelette