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Skeletal System Melanie Sanchez-Zaragoza P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Melanie Sanchez-Zaragoza P.2
Disorder/ Diseases
Disorder
Osteoporosis
is a group of diseases
bone mass declines
Estrogen plays a big role in bone density, levels drop at menopause, women = higher risk
Men LESS prone due to PROTECTION of testosterone
Paget's disease
Metabolic bone disease affecting the break down & rebuilding of bone
age over 40
men more common
Hereditary
Osteomalacia & Rickets
Osteomalacia
Bones are poorly mineralized
results in soft & weak bones
Rickets
results in bowed legs & other bones deformities bec bone ends are enlarged & abnormally long
causes vitamin D deficiency
Disease
Osteogenesis imperfecta
A genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
Genetic in children
Osteosacroma
Malignant bone tumor
genetic in children
age 15 & heredity
Osteoarthritis
Protective cartilage at ends of bones wears down
Affects old people
Osteomyelitis
An infection in the bone
Bone remodeling
Osteoblasts
break down the calcified matrix
Osteoclasts
After calcified matrix is broken down, the osteoblasts then deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage
Endrochondral bones
Form from hyaline cartilage model from connective tissue is called ossification
Bone marrow
Fills medullary cavity which produce blood cells
Intramembranous bone
originate with in sheet-like layers of connective tissue
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Tissue
Osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacunae no longer divided
maintain bone matrix & acts as stress or strain sensors
communicate information to osteoblasts & osteockasts (cells destroy bone) so bone remodeling occur
Bone-lining cells
flat cells on bone surfaces help maintain matrix
Osteoblasts
bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
actively mitotic
Osteoclasts
when active, cells located in depressions called resorption bays
Giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption (breakdown of bones)
Osteogenic cells
When stimulated, they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells
active stem cells in periosteum & endosteum
Types of Bone
Long bones
Longer than wide
Humerus
Flat bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved
Sternum, ribs, scapula
Short Bones
Cube shaped bones
Vary in size & #
Wrist & ankles
Irregular bones
complicated shapes
Hip bones, and vertebra
Names of all the Bones
Torso
Vertebra
Cervicale
Thoraic
Lumbar
Sternum
Ribs
Sacrum
Lower limb
Femur
Fibula
Tibula
Coxxal
Coccxy
Sacrum
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Talus
Upper Limb
Clavicle
Scapula
Humeras
Ulna
Radias
Carplas
Metacarpls
Phalanges
Head
Cranial
Frontal
Temporal
Occipatle
Partiela
Maxillary
Mandible
Zygomatic
Nasal
Vomer
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
All muscle attach to 2 points
Origin-
attachment to immovable bone
Insertion-
attachment to movable bone
Range of motion
Uniaxial
- movement in 1 plane
biaxial-
movement in 2 plane
Nonaxial-
slipping movements only
Multiaxial-
movement in or around all 3 plane
3 general type of movements
Angular
Flextion-
decrease the angle of the joint
Extension
- increase the angle of the joint
Hyperextension-
movement beyond the anatomical position
Abduction-
movement along frontal plane, AWAY from MIDLINE
Adduction
- movement along frontal plane, TOWARDS MIDLINE
Circumduction-
limbs able to do a cone shape in space, making circles
Rotation
turning of bone around its own long axis, towards midline or away from it
Lateral-
rotation AWAY from MIDLINE
ex- roation of humerus & femur, rotation between C1 & C2 vertebrae
Medial-
rotation TOWARD MIDLINE
Gliding
1 flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
ex- intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between articular processes pf vertebrae
Special Movement
Forward & Back
Retraction-
Mandible is pulled towards neck
Protraction
- Mandible juts out
Up & Down
Elevation-
Lifting body part Superiorly
ex- shrugging shoulders
Depression-
Lowering body part
ex- opening jaw
Ankle
Planter Flexion-
pointing toes
Inversion-
Sole of foot faces medially / in midline
Dorsiflexion-
bending foot towards shin
Eversion-
Sole of foot faces laterally / out midline
Opposition-
movement of thumb
ex- making "okay" symbol
Arm
Supination-
Palms face anteriorly / palms facing up
Pronation-
Palms face posteriory/ palms facing down
Joints
Cartilaginous
NO joint cavity
NOT highly movable
bones united by cartilage
Symphyses
Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
Joints are strong & AMPHIARTHROTIC
intervertebral joints
Pubic symphysis
Synchondroses
Bar or plate pf hyaline cartilage unites bones
Almost ALL are SYNARTHROTIC
Temporary epiphyseal plate joint = becoming synostoses after plate closure
Synovial
Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
All DIARTHROTIC
includes almost all LIMB joints
Characteristics of synovial joints
Have bursae & tendon sheaths
Stability influenced by 3 factors
6 general features
allows several types of movement
Classified into 6 different types
types
Plane
- flat surface sliding or twisting ex joints of wrist or ankle
Hinge
- convex surface of bone fits into concave surface of anterior bone ex. elbow & joints
Condylar
- consists of condyle fitting into elliptical cavity ex. between metacarpals & phalanges
Pivot:
cylindrical surface rotated w/in a ring in bone ex. joint between axis & atlas
Ball-and-socket:
consist of none with globular head and cup shaped cavity ex.hip
saddle:
found between bones with concave & convex areas ex. joint between the carpal & metacarpal
Fibrous
Syndesmoses
Short fiber
Little to no movement
inferior tibiofibular joint
Longer fiber
Larger amount of movement
interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna
Bone connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
Fiber length varies= movement various
Gomphoses
Peg-in-socket joints
Fibrous connection= periodontal ligament
Holds tooth in socket
teeth in alveolar sockets
Sutures
Contains short connective tissue fibers allow expansion
Rigid interlocking joints of skull
middle age, sutures ossify & fuse
SYNARTHROSES joints skull into 1 unit = protects brain
Closed immovable sutures= synostoses
Joined by
dense fibrous connective tissue
NO
joint cavity
Most are
SYNARTHROSES
SYNARTHROSES=
IMMOVABLE
AMPHIARTHROSES=
SLIGHTLY
movable
DIARTHROSES=
FREELY
movable
Differences Between Male & Female Skeleton
Pelvic Regions
Coccyx
Male- Less movable
Female- More movable
Sacrum
Male- narrow & longer
Female- is wider
Pelvic Cavity
Male- Is deeper & less room
Female- Is wider in all diameters & shorter more space & less funnel-shaped
Pelvic Gridle
Male- Oburater is oval, pubic arch is v-shaped, acetabula is larger
Female- Hip bones are thinner, pubic arch is wider, acctabula is smaller, & obturater is triangular
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Diaphysis
Medullary cavity
Yellow bone marrow
Compact bone
Preforating fibers
Endosteum
Distal Epiphysis
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Articular cartilage
Proximal Epiphysis
Spongy bone
Epiphyseal line
Articular cartilage
Bone Fracture Repair
1st
blood from blood vessels spread throughout bone & form a blood clot
2nd
osteoblasts begin to rebuild the bone, granulation tissue begins to develop
3rd
Fibrocartilage fills the gap