Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

HISTORY, the first urban civilisations emerged, The domestication of…

- - - - tools
      - jewellery
      - weapons
- - - - Finding food
      - End of life
      - Forces of nature
      - Reproduction and birth rate
  - - - MADE
        
        BONE
        
        TYPES
        
        ANIMAL FIGURINES
        
        HORSES OR BISON
        
        Reflected a concern with hunting or possible symbols of a clan
        
        Carved in batons, propellers to launch weapons, and amulets
        
        Magical powers of protection or good luck
        
        FEMALE FIGURINES
        
        reflected a concern with birth
        
        carved in stone
        
        they have large bellies and breasts
        
        mother goddesses
        
        Venus figurines
        
        represent the Earth
        
        Function: worshipping fertility
        
        Symbolised fertility
        
        STONE
        
        CLAY
  - - - Paintings inside the caves, in dark, remote places
      - the caves of Altamira and El Castillo (Cantabria)
        
        Franco-Cantabrian school.
        
        Characteristics
        
        The figures were polychrome: ochre, red and black
        
        The most common theme was animals like bison, horses or deer
        
        Aim: help hunters catch these animals through ceremonies and magical rituals
        
        Represented in a natural way: tried to make them look real.
        
        They used the forms and projections of the rocks they painted on to give a sense of movement.
      - the caves of Lascaux and Font de Gaume (Southern France)
    - - on open-air rock shelters
      - east of the Iberian Peninsula
        
        Levantine school
        
        Characteristics
        
        monochrome
        
        hunting scenes, dance scenes (Therefore, the human figure was also represented, as well as animals.
        
        schematic style: depicted essential features
  - - - MENHIR
        
        vertical stone embedded in the ground
        
        stand alone or in a line with others
      - DOLMEN
        
        large, flat, horizontal stone laid on vertical stones
        
        used as a burial place
      - PASSAGE TOMBS
        
        =dolmens but with one or more chambers and a passage at the entrance
        
        used for burials
      - STONE CIRCLES
        
        several menhirs placed in a circle
        
        Stonehenge, in England
        
        It is thought to be a temple dedicated to worshipping the Sun
- - - - Neolithic Revolution
        
        developed techniques
        
        weaving
        
        pottery
        
        produce objects.
        
        basketmaking
        
        New Tools for farm work
        
        sickles
        
        Hoes
        
        hand-operated grain mills
      - the appearance of agriculture and livestock farming
        
        domesticating animals
        
        predatory economy to being producers.
        
        farming the land
        
        new basic foods
        
        wheat
        
        Bread
        
        Barley
        
        domesticated animals
        
        Goats
        
        Pigs...
        
        Food more diverse and abundant
        
        growth of the population.
      - Sedentary
        
        The first villages
        
        huts with straw roofs
        
        The first forms of social organisation
    - - METALLURGY
        
        Is the technique used to work with metals to obtain
        
        Weapons
        
        used in war
        
        way to expand and dominate territories
        
        groups of warriors appeared dedicated exclusively to fighting
        
        1 more item...
        
        Jewellery
        
        Other objects
        
        Tools
        
        plough
        
        helped with agricultural tasks
        
        Discovered in the Caucasus region in around 5000 BC
      - Social changes
        
        The first cities appeared
        
        protected by walls
        
        More complex societies emerged
        
        Some groups started to establish authority over others
        
        They claimed their power over others by owning metal jewellery and weapons.
        
        these cities increased their power over the territory and over other cities.
        
        origin of the first kingdoms and empires
      - the last period in Prehistory
        
        the Copper Age
        
        the Bronze Age
        
        the Iron Age
      - The first written manifestations appeared in some areas
        
        the Metal Ages coincide with the beginning of History.
      - MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
        
        wheel or sails for navigation.
        
        made it easier to trade
    - - Hunter-gatherers
        
        scavenging
        
        hunting
        
        gathering
        
        fishing
      - Nomads
        
        caves or huts made from branches and animal skins.
        
        Clans
        
        the tasks of fishing, hunting and gathering were done in groups
        
        they needed to cooperate
        
        development of language
        
        Nobody in the clan owned private property.
        
        improved techniques
        
        make tools .
        
        Food
        
        Seek protection
        
        Made
        
        wood
        
        Bone
        
        stone
        
        2 more items...
        
        use fire
        
        Heat
        
        Cook
        
        Light
        
        Make signals
        
        Defend from wild animals
        
        promoted social relationships
        
        strengthened group cohesion
        
        helped develop language
      - The earliest and longest period of Prehistory.
        
        Lower Palaeolithic from 2.5 million to 150,000 years ago
        
        Upper Palaeolithic 10,000 years ago
        
        Middle Palaeolithic 50,000 years ago
  - - - THE MIDDLE AGES
      - THE CONTEMPORARY AGE
      - THE MODERN AGE
      - ANCIENT HISTORY
    - - the end of Prehistory and the beginning of History.
- - - - MAIN HOMINID SPECIES
        
        Homo neanderthalensis (250,000-30,000 years ago)
        
        Coexisted with Homo sapiens, but died out
        
        Homo sapiens (from 200,000 years ago)
        
        developed the first artistic manifestations
        
        Homo habilis (2.5-1.6 million years ago
        
        The first hominid to talk and make stone tools
        
        The beginning of Prehistory
        
        Australopithecus(4.5-2.5 million years ago)
        
        The first bipedal primate
        
        **Homo erectus
        (1.6 million-120,000 years ago)
        
        Mastered fire
        
        Was the first hominid to leave Africa
      - THE EXPANSION OF HOMINIDS
        
        First emerged in the African continent
        
        From there, they expanded to Asia and Europe until they eventually colonised all the continents
      - CHARLES DARWIN "On the Origin of Species "
        
        Long Evolutionary Process
        
        Main Physical Transformations
        
        Increased brain size and capacity
        
        The development of intelligence
        
        The creation of a complex symbolic world
        
        Language
        
        Art
        
        Bipedalism
        
        They began to stand upright and walk on two feet
        
        Support their head above their back
        
        1 more item...
        
        Free their upper limbs
        
        Increase their height
        
        Opposable thumbs
        
        Allowed humans to move their hands with the force and precision needed to make and handle tools
- - - - It began by exchanging agricultural products that were not consumed
    - - social differences
        
        the unequal distribution of properties
        
        the appearance of hierarchies.
  - - - Women
        
        weaving
        
        farming
        
        making pottery
      - Men
        
        grazing animals
        
        hunting
        
        making polished stone tools