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HUMANISM AND KNOWLEDGE - Coggle Diagram
HUMANISM AND KNOWLEDGE
What is humanism?
It developed fully in the 15th and 16th centuries,in the rich city-states of the northern part of the Italian Peninsula.
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Humanists developed an anthropocentric world view as an alternative to the God-centred world view of medieval Christians. Humans and their intelligence became the main concerns of the humanists. Even tho some of them were still Christians.
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Important humansists
SIR THOMAS MORE
Sir Thomas More was an important English lawyer and author. He defended the right of the individual conscience against the power of the state. In his book Utopia, he described a society based on egalitarian principles, where there was no private property, and the government was elected democratically.
CARDINAL CISNEROS
Cardinal Cisneros set up the University of Alcalá de Henares as a centre of theology, a study revived by the humanists.Due to his influence, Humanism had a clear Christian character in Castilla.
ERASMUS OF ROTTERDAM
Erasmus of Rotterdam was born in the Netherlands. He criticised the vices of society, especially those at the heart of the Church. He called for reform based on an individual’s freedom of choice.His main works were In Praise of Folly and Adagia.
The spread of knowledge
Humanist ideas and knowledge spread more rapidly in the Modern Age than in the Middle Ages, when knowledge was spread through books written by hand, mostly by clergymen in monasteries.
Around 1440, Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press. Books could be produced more easily and ideas spread more quickly. It improved literacy, and intellectual life was no longer restricted to monasteries and universities.
Scientific knowledge
During the Renaissance, thinkers and academics became interested in understanding the world that surrounded them, and the natural processes that occurred in it. They revived the scientific method used in Ancient Greece and Rome, where the study of nature was based on observation and experimentation.
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Astronomy
In the 16th centuryr Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory, which claimed that the Earth and all the other planets orbited the Sun. In the 17th century, Tuscan physicist Galileo Galilei proved Copernicus’ theory.
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-Geography-
During this period, it was established that the Earth was spherical.Modern cartography also began. Maps were created based on the world map drawn by Gerardus Mercator, in 1569. Mercator’s map showed all the lands discovered up until that date. Straight lines called parallels and meridians were used to locate any point in the world.