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HUMANISM AND KNOWLEDGE
1 HUMANISM
Humanism was a cultural movement that began in the 14th century. It developed fully in the 15th and 16th centuries, in the rich city-states of the northern part of the Italian Peninsula. These city-states had a flourishing economy and a rich artistic heritage. 
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It was sponsored by the Medici family, which governed the city at the time
In some of these cities, humanists created academies
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IT’S A FACT!
The eminent Spanish humanist Antonio de Nebrija was the author of the first grammar textbook (1492) and the first dictionary (1495) of the Castilian language.
HUMANISM IN EUROPE
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THE PRINTING PRESS
Around 1440, Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press. Books could be produced more easily and ideas spread more quickly.
PRINTING PRESSES AND UNIVERSITIES IN THE 15TH CENTURY
IT’S A FACT!
JOHANNES GUTENBERG IS NORMALLY CREDITED WITH THE INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS.
However, Buddhist monks had been using a printing technique called ‘woodblock printing’ long before the 15th century.
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
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The aim was to find a well-reasoned explanation for natural phenomena and provide empirical evidence
thinkers and academics became interested in understanding the world that surrounded them,
ASTRONOMY
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In the 17th century, Tuscan physicist Galileo Galilei proved Copernicus’ theory using a new invention, the telescope
In the 16th century, Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory
MEDICINE
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the treaty of anatomy by Vesalius, who was born in Flanders
GEOGRAPHY
Modern cartography also began. Maps were created based on the world map drawn by Gerardus Mercator, in 1569. Mercator’s map showed all the lands discovered up until that date.
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