Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Daniel Sanchez p.2 04 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Daniel Sanchez p.2 04 Skeletal System
All the bones
Skull ( head)
Maxilla bone
Mandible bone
Nasal bone
zygomatic bone
vomer bone
Lacrimal bone
hyoid bone
Sutures
Sagittal
lambdoid
Squamous
Coronal
Inferior nasal concha
View Bone
Occiptal bone
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Spine
Cervical vertebrae C1-C7
Upper most of the vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae T1-T12
upper body of vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae L1-L5
vertebrae of lower back
Bones of the sacrum S1-S5
vertebrae within the pelvic girdle
The coccyx C01-C04
lower tip of the spine
The layers
Atlas
Axis
Cervical: 1-7
Thoracic 8-19
Lumbar 20-25
Chest
Sternum
xiphoid process
Ribs
floating ribs (10-12)
True ribs (1-7)
False ribs (8-12)
Arms
Clavicle
scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Hands
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Sacrum
Coxal bone
coccyx
Legs
Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Patella
Feet
tarsal
metatarsal
Phalanges
calcaneus
Talus
Types of bone
Long Bone: long, thin shape
Example: arms & legs
Short Bone: squat, cubed shape
Example: wrist & ankles
Flat bone: flattened, broad surface
Example: ribs, shoulder blades, breast bone, & skull bones
Irregular bone: unkown shape
Bone of the spine (vertebrae)
Anatomy of long bone
Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
spongy bone
epiphyseal line
Diaphysis ( longest part)
Medullary cavity( middle inner part)
endosteum (lined)
compact bone (between endosteum and periosteum)
Periosteum (border)
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Osteogenic cells
function
develop into osteoblasts
Location
deep layers of the periosteum & the marrow
Osteoblasts
Function
bone formation
Location
Growing portions of bone, including periosteum & endosteum
Osteocytes
Function
Location
Entrapped in matrix
Maintain mineral concentration of matrix
Osteoclasts
Function
Location
Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone
Bone resorption
Lacunae ( Tiny cavities between the larnellae or rings of compact bone that contain bone cells)
Bone Remolding
osteocyte
bone-lining cell
osteoclast
osteoblast
resportion
reversal
formation
mineralization
Bone fracture repair
Normal
Transverse
the fracture occurs at an exact 90 horizontal degree
Oblique
the fracture occurs sloped down/up at an angle or curves
Spiral
the fracture spirals around the bone
Comminuated
the fracture breaks into multiple pieces
Avulsion
A ligament or tendon pulls away from its attachment on the bone, and a fragment of bone breaks off with it
Impacted
The fracture occurs in the middle of a bone when it is driven into itself and buckles
Fissure
an incomplete bone fracture; multiple small lines are often visible, but do not pass through the entire bone
Green stick
The bone bends rather than breaks,
much like a green tree branch
Joints
Fibrous ( no movement)
Skull sutures
Synovial ( full movement)
Knee
Cartilaginous( Some movement)
Vertebrae
Synathrosis ( immovable)
skull sutures, articulations of bony sockets & teeth in facial skeleton
Amphiathrosis ( little movement)
distal joint between the tibia & the fibula & the pubic symphysis
Diathrosis ( full movement)
Elbow, shoulder, ankle
Movements allowed by synovial joints
Synovial joints allow bones to slide past each other or to rotate around each other. This produces movements called abduction (away), adduction (towards), extension (open), flexion (close), and rotation.
Abduction
The movement that separates a limb or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body.
Flexion
The act of bending a joint. The counteraction of extension
Adduction
The action by which the parts of the body are drawn toward its axis.
Gliding joints: only allow sliding movement
Hinge joints: allow flexion and extension in one plane
Pivot joints: allow bone rotation about another bone
Condyloid joints: perform flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements
Saddle joints: permit the same movement as condyloid joints and combine with them to form compound joints
Ball & socket joints: allow all movement except gliding
Differences between male & Female skeleton
Male
tend to have larger skulls
Male torso shorter
Male arms are longer
Male shoulder are more wider and higher
Female
Female pelvis are wider (100 degrees and more)
wider torso
rib cage is shorter
cavity is oval shape to support for birth
Disorders/Diseases
Osteoarthritis
Description
thinning of cartilage
Causes or risk factors
common in females
older age
bone deformities
Symptoms
stiffness
tenderness
bone spurs
Treatment options
surgery
physical therapy
over counter medications
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Description :
broad forehead
deafness
poor teeth
Causes or risk factors:
congenital mutation
easily bruised
fractures frequently
Symptoms:
micrognathia
hearing loss
muscle weakness
Treatment Options:
uncurable
improved nutrition
bone marrow transplant
Osteosarcoma
Description:
Malignant bone tumor
Causes or risk factors:
average 15 years old
heredity
Symptoms:
bone fracture
bone pair
swelling
Treatment Options:
surgery
chemotherapy
radiation
Osteomyelitis
Description:
green colorish
infection in bone
Causes or risk factors
IV catherterization
staphylococcus
direct contamination
Symptoms:
chills
fever
irritability
pain in infection site
Treatment Options:
antibotics
amputation
surgical drainage
restore blood flow to bone
Paget's Disease
Description:
metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
Causes or risk factors:
age over 40
sex-men more common
hereditary
Symptoms:
bone repair
dependent on location
Treatment options
medications
surgery
joint replacement