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M4: Life in Early Settlements (1000BC-1565), M5.1: Galleon Trade (main…
M4: Life in Early Settlements (1000BC-1565)
Kinds of settlements
classless: flat societies, typically no hierarchy. Leaders emerge upon need. Trading.
warrior: mandirigma, basis of economy is raiding, trading, agri
eg. Pintados of Visayas. Tattoos indicator of number of kills.
lowland coastal/river settlements: live along accessible areas (coasts and rivers)
ruling/noble class, freemen, enslaved class
eg. Moros of Manila bay, relationship to Bornean traders, believe in Bathala, some intermixed Islamic beliefs
principalities: complex societies where leaders are chosen based on their bloodline relationship to the Prophet Mohammad, trade and raid
Sultanates in Mindanao: Sulu (Jolo) and Maguindanao
General descriptions for life at the time
datu head of dolohan (small community that followed him)
no unified identity yet - most people live in small communities that are the highest form of political organization
Timeline: 1000 BC - 1565 (Formal start of Spanish colonization)
What primary sources tell us about life in this period?
Laguna copperplate inscription (900CE)
Proof of debt bondage: Subject matter: person is cleared of debt, proof of acquittal
Political and social organization, relations between different societies based on places and leaders mentioned in the document
Debt was an important maker or breaker of communities in the past. People could be compelled to serve labor
Travel books and chronicles
boxer codex (16th c)
Antolin map 1789
Literature from the period (Doctrina Christiana 1590)
Oral traditions (stories passed down)
17th (1600s) century selden map
Downstreaming: Taking materials from later periods and looking for clues for ways of life that existed before this
What activities lead to sociopolitical complexity in this period? Evidence for sociopolitical complexity is found in
internal hierarchy
as well as
relationships with other settlements
.
Raiding and Warfare (pangangayaw): Activity or practice as attacking other communities in acts of war to collect resources and manpower. Can shift the power dynamic between different settlements.
Agricultural growth: More food = more people can eat = more people to serve different roles. Needs more manpower. Examples in the Philippines that had stable agriculture (Laguna, Pasig, spaces in Pangasinan validated through friar accounts at time of contact)
Ritual feasting: Teambuilding exercises, 'social glue' to ensure loyalty and attract new followers. Ways to redistribute wealth from higher to lower classes. Ways to display wealth of community. This was done to attract larger following. All of this was done within the framework of our complex spiritual beliefs.
Debt bondage: It enslaves people, contributes to larger manpower for agri and warring needs, implies status change
Trading: Ownership of luxury goods were a sign that you are in a higher position (contributes to elite hierarchy). This is an indicator of the ability to make alliances with other communities.
M5.1: Galleon Trade (main reason that the Spanish stay in the Philippines) 1565-1770s/1815
Timeline
Beginning: 1521 -1565 Spanish set the foundations for formal colony in the Philippines and create their Manila in 1565
Rough ending: 1770s - 1815 philippines needs to shift its basis of economy because of changes in the world (revolution and loss of silver in mexico, industrial revolution)
Dominant period of spanish colonization 1565-1872
Context on the Spanish side
Spanish were conquerors by profession (reconquista of their land from the Moors)
Spices are one of the most precious commodities that they want to acquire. But you could only get these with networks from the east. Spices were expensive and you had to trade with the Islamic people
They decide to find a western sea route to get spices. They land in the Americas. They colonize middle and south america (Mexico, wc has a lot of silver in its mines)
They continue to go west in search of the spice islands. They end up in the Philippines. Why did they stay?
Politcal: They wanted to control more territory than their european rivals.
Economic: They wanted spices but realized they could monopolize or control the trade in silk and porcelain that was already coming to the Philippines.
Socio-cultural reasons: Because of their role in reconquering their land from the Moors, they were part of the Christian side of the crusade. They used the need to Christianize as a justification to colonize new areas of the world.
Context on the Philippine side: why were the spanish able to conquer the Philippines? (answers lie in Module 4)
How did the spanish colonize the philippines? Instruments
Political
Tactics to conquer territory: divide and conquer, local cooperation
Establish a chain of command: Connect the islands politically to the crown and plug in old rulers into the new structure (datus and rajahs now become cabeza de barangay and gobernadorcillo)
Set of rules: Laws of the Indies
You need to physically reorganize people so they're easier to control. You move them to more accessible areas under reduccion.
Socio-cultural:
Socio-political reorganization
Spanish at the top (peninsulares and insulares)
Mestizos and chinese
Indios (natives): elite (principalia) and everyone else
How do you use Christianity to colonize?
Baptism by friars - conversion of population and their relocation to a reduccion
bajo de la campana: under the church bells
Patronato Real: Alliance between church and crown where the crown would fund christianization and the friars would go out and colonize (friars were the main spaniards found in the Philippines). Friar power.
Unify or control people under one set of beliefs (evidence: Doctrina christiana)
Economic
What does galleon trade need?
Labor - repartimiento (polo y servicio)
Port of trade - Manila becomes the capital of the Philippine colony
Claim land as your own to use it: Regalian doctrine (all lands belong to the Spanish crown)
You need to feed your spanish - vandala and tributo
Control your territory: encomienda, areas of the Philippines are assigned to a colonizer (encomendero) who theoretically keeps the peace and keeps people from revolting
M5.2 Reform Period (1770s - 1872)
General characteristics
Timeline
1770s: initiations in changes of laws from the spanish government
1872 execution of gomburza
1762-64: british invasion of ph
Historical Significance: This period would shift the philippines into a more modern system economically, politically and even socially.
Contexts that would lead to reform: why did spain reform the philippines
industrialism: develop products for sale to other markets (domestic and global). New model for developing your colonies
Revolution in Mexico: This forced the Philippines to look for a new basis of economy
European rivalry: Spain vs Britain results in (1762-64) british invasion of ph. Ph is british hostage for two years
Problems in spain between the
absolutists
(monarchs) and the
liberals
(want reforms for more participation in government): explains why there were so many conflicting reforms in the philippines
Reforms: check slides for definition of reform
Economic
Shift to cash crop
export
economy (tobacco - US, sugar - UK, hemp/abaca - ropes for their ships)
Land: extensive conversion of smaller communal plots to large farmland (haciendas)
how to manage farms? monopoly license
involve more people in management: landlords would hire inquilinos (land managers/lease holders) and these ppl would often be mestizos and indios
more workers
Trading ports that were accessible to foreign buyers (iloilo, cebu)
Increased urbanization (growth of cities)
growth of businesses and job opportunities
demand for skilled laborers (literate clerks)
more opportunities for education
Political/Military
increase centralization and rationalization of govt affairs
increased taxes
ordinances of good govt
create a standing police force guardia civil
address security concerns in your colony: controlling moro and cordilleran areas
Religious reform: secularization. Initially, the missionary orders (dominicans, augustinians) were supposed to turn over their parishes to
seculars
(padres trained in the philippines, often mestizos and indios) after they had christianized territory.
main issue was racial discrimination against indio and mestizo padres (seculars)
M6 Formation of Nationalist Consciousness
Timeline/Phases
1872 Cavite munity execution of the padres gomburza and beginning of the propaganda movement (spain based campaign to reform the philippines to be safer for new filipinos)
aims
equality and protection as citizens of spain
province of spain
instruments
Newspaper: La solidaridad
organization: la liga filipinas (extend the campaign to the philippines)
leadership group: upper middle classes ilustrados
1898 American entry into the Philippines
pre-revolutionary
Seculalrization issue: racial discrimination against filipino padres
revolutionary phases
Katipunan is founded in 1894 following the collapse of the PM
aims
politically, independence from spain via revolution
concept of ideal society through their civic and moral aims
instruments
organizational structure
newspaper: kalayaan
moral code: kartilla
leadership group was the lower middle and lower classes
Philippine revolutionary govt 1897: transition in the leadership of the revolution from the lower middle classes to the provincial elite. There was a call for snap elections to turn the katipunan into a more western type of revolutionary govt
contexts
long tradition of resistance. Problem was that there was no unified identity to fight for
19th century
middle class starts self identifying as filipino (mestizo chinese, spanish, indios). this class gains economically from cash crop agriculture
increase in communication among different parts of the philippines and classes (printing press, more transpo)
Timeline