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Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System
Diseases
Diabetes mellitus type 1
is an autoimmune disorder in which the individual’s immune system produces antibodies against the pancreatic beta cells
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type 1 diabetes cannot survive without insulin. Many people with type 1 diabetes have an implanted insulin pump which continuously measures the body’s glucose levels and provides an infusion of insulin
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Diabetes mellitus type 2
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the individual’s pancreas produces more insulin in an attempt to make up for the increased levels of blood glucose and dysfunction of cellular insulin receptors
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leads to a nonketotic hyperosmolar state of dehydration due to the discharge of fluids from all of the body systems and eventually out through the kidneys causing HHNS
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Symptomatic Hypoglycemia
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low blood glucose level can occur in patients who inject insulin or use oral medications that stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin
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The mental status of the patient declines and he or she may become aggressive or display unusual behavior
If blood glucose remains low, unconsciousness and permanent brain damage can quickly follow
Sickle Cell
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is common among people of African, Caribbean, and South American ancestry
The sharp and misshapen cells lead to dysfunction in oxygen binding and unintentional clot formation
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Hemophilia
Hemophilia A affects mostly males. Males inherit the condition from a mother who is a carrier but does not have the disease
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Long-term joint problems, which may require a joint replacement
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Thrombophilia
is a disorder in the body’s ability to maintain the viscosity and smooth flow of blood through the veins and arteries
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Pathophysiology
three types of diabetes
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If left unrecognized and untreated, a low blood glucose level can be life threatening
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Altered mental status
Altered mental status related to diabetic emergencies can often mimic alcohol intoxication, and intoxicated patients often have abnormal glucose levels
Treatment & medical care
Oral Glucose
most common oral glucose for EMS providers is a rapidly
dissolving gel acting to increase a patient’s blood glucose levels and should not be given to patients unconscious or unable to swallow
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Managing airway
A patient who is hyperglycemic may have rapid, deep respirations and sweet, fruity breath
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Anatomy
Glucagon and insulin
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small portion of the pancreas is filled with the islets of Langerhans. Within these islets are alpha and beta cells the alpha cells produce glucagon and the beta cells produce insulin