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gender theory influences, political economy, theories of sex, nations, bio…
gender theory influences
Psychoanalysis - Freud (1933) – femininity and masculinity as attainments that require more work by those who become ‘women’ than ‘men
Medical science and sexology – biology and gender roles (19th Century); John Money (1950s) identifies ‘gender roles’ in relation to work on intersexed people;
de Beauvoir: one is not born a women, but becomes one
Cixous (1975) ‘Sorties’ draws out the range of links as binding subjects to feeling as well as social life
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Gayle Rubin (1975): sex/gender system - a set of arrangements by which a society transforms biological sexuality into products of human activity." Every society has its own version of a sex/gender system.
Oyèrónké Oyěwùm: alternatives to that ‘coloniality of gender’ as embedded in African – specifically Yoruba – traditions.
importance of kinship, especially in heterosexuality (women as gifts)
Lugones: Colonial/modern gender system’ in which dualism is imposed on variety (through labour and ‘race’); heterosexism fuses with race
political economy
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value theory of labour: labour is determined by historically specific socially determined forms of value
theories of sex
determinist views:
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materialism: sex is the social location of oppression; i.e. through unpaid/underappreciated labor in the household
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sex as a fantasy/deconstruction (Butler): femininity does not need sex to ground it; sex is a fiction because it is a subordinate of masculinity, therefore is "made" onto us
sex produced by its own exclusion (Spillers): African-diasporic women have been stripped of sex, collapsing sex/gender. Relationship b/w white women and black women is as important to understanding sex as b/w men and women
nations
Primordialist theories:
Nation as natural, inevitable
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