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REVOLUTIONS AND THE RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM, Captura de pantalla 2022-11…
REVOLUTIONS AND THE RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
IDEAS OF POLITICAL LIBERALISM
The existence of unalienable individual rights
Freedom in: press, printing, education and assembly
The division of powers
Separation between the church an the state
Equality of people before the law
Sovereignty resides in the nation
Representative political power
IDEAS OF ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Adam Smith developed a theory. It defended the freedom to produce and buy in a
free market
and own
private property
. His main work: The Wealth of Nations (1776)
The state shouldn't intervene as the law of
supply and demand
.
CRITICISM OF THE OLD REGIME
Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau: Radical criticism
Liberals criticised different aspects:
The survival of a feudal economy
The power of absolute monarchs and the church
The legal inequality of the state system
The survival of manorism in the fiefdom of the nobility and the church
MERCANTILISM AND PHYSOCRACY
Mercantilism:
Think that the more precious metals a kingdom owned, the more powerfull it was.
Physiocracy:
Think that agriculture should be the main source of wealth.
MODERATE AND RADICAL LIBERALS
Moderate liberals
Monarchy and religion. Censitary suffrege
Radical liberals
Democracy and universal suffrage
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
DIFFICULT TIMES FOR THE MONARCHY
Louis XVI was the last absolute monarch
Factors that triggered the revolution
Inequality before the law
Economic crisis
The example of the United States
Political unrest
The liberal ideas of the Enlightenment
Social inequalities
PHASES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION
The estates-general
It was proposed that the rich pay taxes
National constituent assembly
Parisians rose up
Constitution of 1791
Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen
Article 3.
The principle of all sovereignty reside in the nation
Article 11.
Thoughts and opinions is the most precious rights of man
Article 1.
All men remain free and equeal rights
Legislative assembly
3 new political tendencies
The Plain
(deputies)
The Girondins
(moderates, federalists and supporters of the parliamentary monarchy)
The Jacobins
(radical liberals)
The directory
New Constitution was approved in 1795
Inside France, there was interna instability
National convention
The Assembly assumed legislative and executive powers
In September 1792 a Republic was proclaimed
The consulate
The most prestigious French general, Napoleon Bonaparte
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
This motto represented the French Revolution (1789)
THE EXPRESSION SANS-CULOTTES
Lower classes Parisians, didn't wear expensive silk breeches. The sans-culottes allied with the bourgeoisie and the main revolutionary events, like the Storming of the Bastille.
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
THE 13 COLONIES: WAR AND INDEPENENCE
In the 17th century, some European migrate to the east coast of North America.
The British monarchy organised the colonists into 13 colonies
After the
Seven Years' War
, a
revolutionary process
began. (1776)
The British were opposed to these changes, and the
American War of Independence
began.
After the battles of
Saratoga
and
Yorktown
, in which the colonists won, the
Peace of Paris
was signed (1783)
THE POLITICAL REGIME OF THE UNITED STATES
The constitution of the United States of America
Separation of powers
The head of state is the president
The US is a federal republic
Suffrage is in place to elect members of the House of Representatives
Popular sovereignty
The recognition of basic rights and freedom
But the US mantained having (black) slaves
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
FEATURES OF THE NAPOLEONIC REGIME
He established hereditary power
He was crowned as emperor of French (1804)
He started the modern French State
THE RISE FALL OF NAPOLEON'S EMPIRE
Napoleonic Wars:
He tried to create a new world order
His main enemies were the absolute monarchies
Mainly: Austria, Prussia and Russia
NAPOLEON'S REFORMS
Repressive regime
French Civil Code
Revolutionary achievements
He boosted the economy
Authoritarian government
Modern educational models
He improved the Public Administartion
Finally he died at battle of Waterloo
THE RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM
THE NEW MAP OF EUROPE
Maintain territorial balance
Italian territory remained divided
France's pre-Revolution border were restored
Norway was ceded to Sweden
The Holy Empire, replaced by the German Confederation
Partition of Poland
Two new kingdoms to control France:
Netherland and Piedmont-Sardinia
THE LIMITS OF RESTORATION
At the Congress of Vienna, the powers that defeated Napoleon, tried to restore the situation
Napoleon's occupation awakened the national identify
Louis XVIII adopted the French Charter (1814)
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
Napoleon was defeated in battle of Waterloo (1814)
3 objectives were proposed
Create an alliance (Holy Alliance)
Restore the boundaries on the map of Europe
Restore absolutism (legitimism)
SPAIN: THE END OF ABSOLUTISM
THE PENINSULAR WAR
The "Juntas de defensa" were formed
Guerrillas: Armed groups that made surprise attacks on the French army
FROM THE CONSTITUTION TO THE RETURN TO ABSOLUTISM
"Junta Central" met in Sevilla
First Parliament (Cortes Generales)
Write a constitution
2 traditional element in the Constitution of 1812:
The monarchy
Catholic religion as the official and only permitted religion
FROM CARLOS IV OF BOURBON TO JOSÉ I BONAPARTE
Carlos IV's reign began in 1788. 1 year before the start of French Revolution
Godoy and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807)
Fernando was Godoy's enemy and he disagree with his policy
The Revolt of Aranjuez (1808)
